tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-353176772023-11-15T21:18:50.603+07:00Trading EducationUnknownnoreply@blogger.comBlogger47125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-35317677.post-80608283701253856752007-10-22T21:29:00.000+07:002007-10-22T21:30:42.711+07:00Learn the basics of forex trading 6<a href="http://trading-education.blogspot.com/2007/10/learn-basics-of-forex-trading-1.html">Learn the basics of forex trading 1</a><br /><a href="http://trading-education.blogspot.com/2007/10/learn-basics-of-forex-trading-2.html">Learn the basics of forex trading 2</a><br /><a href="http://trading-education.blogspot.com/2007/10/learn-basics-of-forex-trading-3.html">Learn the basics of forex trading 3</a><br /><a href="http://trading-education.blogspot.com/2007/10/learn-basics-of-forex-trading-4.html">Learn the basics of forex trading 4</a><br /><a href="http://trading-education.blogspot.com/2007/10/learn-basics-of-forex-trading-5.html">Learn the basics of forex trading 5</a><br /><br />117-Elliot Wave Theory- Corrections always take place in three waves.<br /><br />118-Elliot Wave Theory- Waves can be expanded into longer waves and subdivided into shorter waves.<br /><br />119-Elliot Wave Theory- Sometimes one of the impulse waves extends. The other two should then be equal in time and magnitude.<br /><br />120-Elliot Wave Theory- The Finobacci sequence is the mathematical basis of the Elliot Wave Theory.<br /><br />121-Elliot Wave Theory- The number of waves follows the Finobacci sequence.<br /><br />122-Elliot Wave Theory- Finobacci ratios and retracements are used to determine price objectives. The most common retracements are 62%, 50% and 38%.<br /><br />123 -Elliot Wave Theory- Bear markets should not fall below the bottom of the previous fourth wave.<br /><br />124 -Elliot Wave Theory- Wave 4 should not overlap wave 1.<br /><br />125 .Support and resistance are the most effective chart tools to use for entry and exit points. For purposes of placing stop loss, support and resistance levels are most valuable.<br /><br />126. One of the commodities most effected by the dollar is the gold market. The prices of gold and the U.S. dollar usually trend in opposite directions.<br /><br />127. The Yen is sensitive to changes in the price or structure of the raw material markets.<br /><br />128. The commodity-producing countries (Canada, Australia, N. Zealand ) are more dependent on Japan than the other way around.<br /><br />129. The Yen is sensitive to the fortunes of the Nikkei index, the Japanese stock market and the real estate market.<br /><br />130. The majority of the pound transactions take place in London with a volume decreasing significantly in the U.S. market, and slowing down to a trickle in Asia. Therefore, in the New York market, many banks have to stop quoting the pound at noon.<br /><br />131. Swiss Franc has a very close economic relationship with Germany, and thus to the euro zone.<br /><br />132. The major markets are London, with 32 percent of the market,New York with 18 percent and Tokyo with 8 percent. Singapore follows with 7 percent, Germany has 5 percent and Switzerland, France and Hong Kong have 4 percent each.<br /><br />133. Don't use the markets to feed your need for excitement.<div class="blogger-post-footer"><script type="text/javascript"><!--
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The charts reflect the bullish or bearish psychology of the marketplace.<br /><br />75. The whole purpose of charting the price action of a market is to identify trends in early stages of their development for the purpose of trading in the direction of those trends<br /><br />76. The fundamentalist studies the cause of market movement, while the technician studies the effect.<br /><br />77. Rising commodity prices generally hint at a stronger economy and rising inflationary pressure. Falling commodity prices usually warn that the economy is slowing along with inflation.<br /><br />78. The longer the period of time that priced trade in a support or resistance area,the more significant that area becomes.<br /><br />79. There are three decisions confronting the trader ?whether- to go long, go short or do nothing. When a market is rising ,the best strategy is preferable. When the market is falling, the second approach would be correct. However ,when the market is moving sideways ,the third choise ?to stay out of the market- is usually the wisest.<br /><br />80. Channel lines have measuring implications. Once a breakout occurs from an existing price channel ,prices usually travel a distance equal to the width of the channel .Therefore, the trader has to simply measure the width of the channel and then project that amount from the point at which either trendline is broken.<br /><br />81. The larger the Pattern ,the Great the potential. When we use the term ?larger? ,we are referring to the the height and the width of the price pattern. The height measures the volatility of the pattern. The width is the amount of time required to build and complete the pattern. The greater the size of the pattern-that is ,the wider the price swings within the pattern (the volatility ) and the longer it takes to build ?the more important the pattern becomes and the greater the potential for the ensuing price move.<br /><br />82. The breaking of important trendlines . The first sign of an impending trend reversal is often the breaking of an important trendline. Remember however ,that the violation of a major trendline does not necessarily signal a trend reversal.The breaking of a major up trendline might signal the beginning of a sideways price pattern ,which later would be intedified as either the reversal or consolidation type.Sometimes the breaking of the major trendline coincides with the completion of the price pattern.<br /><br />83. The minimum requirement for a triangle is four reversal points. Remember that it always takes two points to draw a trendline.<br /><br />84. The moving average is a follower , not a leader. It never anticipates;it only reacts. The moving average follows a market and tells us that a trend has begun, but only after the fact.<br /><br />85. Shorter term averages are more sensitive to the price action ,whereas longer range averages are less sensitive.In certain types of markets ,it is more advantageous to use a shorter average and ,at other times , a longer and less sensitive average proves more useful.<br /><br />86. When the closing price moves above the moving average , a buy signal is generated. A sell signal is given when prices move below the moving average.<br /><br />87. A buying signal on a two-moving average combination occurs when the shorter term of two consecutive averages intersects the longer one upward. A selling signal occurs when the reverse happens, and the longer of two consecutive averages intersects the shorter one downward.<br /><br />89. Shorter average generates more false signals ,it has the advantage of giving trend signals earlier in the move .The trick is to find the average that is sensitive enough to generate early signals, but insensitive enough to avoid most of the random ?noise?.<br /><br />90. Cutting losses is painful for every trader.The ability to cut one?s losses in time is the sign of a seasoned trader.<br /><br />91.A channel breakout suggests a target for the currency price equal to the width of the channel.<br /><br />92. Long term charts provide important information regarding long-terms or cycles. The trader can get a correct perspective regarding the real direction of the market in the long run, the strength or direction of the current trend occurring within that trend, or the possibility of a breakout from the long-term trend.<br /><br />93. Common Points All Of Reversal Patterms<br />A)The first signal of an impending trend reversal is often the breaking of an important trendline.<br />B)The larger the pattern,the greater the subsequent move<br />C)Topping patterns are usually shorter in duration and more volatile than bottoms.<br />D)Bottoms usually have smaller price ranges and take longer to build<br /><br />94. The head-and-shoulders formation is confirmed only when the completion of the three rallies and their reversals is followed by a breach of the neckline. The failure of the price to break through the neckline on closing prices basis puts on hold or negates the validity of the formation.<br /><br />95. The double-top formation is confirmed only when the full completion of the two rallies and their respective reversals is followed by a breach of the neckline (the closing price is outside the neckline ).The failure of the price to break through the neckline puts on hold or negates the validity of the formation.<br /><br />96. The flag formation is a reliable chart pattern that provides two vital signals: direction and price objective. This formation consists of a brief consolidation period within a solid and steep upward trend or downward trend. The consolidation itself tends to be sloped in the opposite direction from the slope of the original trend, or simply flat.<br /><br />97. A Breakaway gap provides the direction of the market.<br /><br />98. The runaway or measurement gap provides the direction of the market. This gap confirms the health and velocity of the trend.<br /><br />99. The runaway or measurement gap is the only type of gap that provides a price objective. The price objective is the previous length of the trend, measured from the runaway gap, in the same direction as the original trend.<div class="blogger-post-footer"><script type="text/javascript"><!--
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Having a requirement to make X dollars per month or you will be financially in trouble is the best way I know to completely mess up all trading discipline, rules, objectives, and leads quickly to disaster. Trading is about taking a reasonable risk in order to achieve a good reward. The markets and how and when they give up their profits is not under your control. Do not trade if you need the money to pay bills. Do not trade if your business and personal expenses are not covered by another income stream or cash reserve. This will only lead to additional unmanageable stress and be very detrimental to your trading performance.<br /><br />47. Know why you are in the markets. To relieve boredom? To hit it big? When you can honestly answer this question, you may be on your way to successful forex trading<br />48. Never meet a margin call; don?t throw good money after bad.<br /><br />49. Close out losing positions before the winning ones,<br /><br />50. Except for very short term trading, make decisions away from the market, preferably when the markets are closed.<br /><br />51. Work from the long term to the short term.<br /><br />52. Use intraday charts to fine-tune entry and exit.<br /><br />53. Master interday trading before trying intraday trading.<br /><br />54. Don't trade the time frame. Trade the pattern. Reversal patterns, hesitation patterns and breakout patterns appear often. Learn to look for the pattern in any time frame.<br /><br />55. Try to ignore conventional wisdom; don?t take anything said in the financial media too seriously.<br /><br />56. Always do your homework and stay current on global events. You never know what's going to set off a particular currency on any given day.<br /><br />57. Learn to be comfortable being in the minority. If you are right on the market, most people will disagree with you. (90% losers,10% winners).<br /><br />58. Technical analysis is a skill that improves with experience and study. Always be a student and keep learning.<br /><br />59. Beware of all tips and inside information. Wait for the market's action to tell you if the information you've obtained is accurate, then take a position with the developing trend.<br /><br />60. Buy the rumor, sell the news.<br /><br />61. K.I.S.S ? Keep It Simple Stupid, more complicated isn?t always better.<br /><br />62. Timing is especially crucial in forex trading.<br /><br />63. Timing is everything in forex trading. Determining the correct direction of the market only solves a portion of the trading problem. If the timing of the entry point is off by a day ,or sometimes even minutes ,it can mean the difference between a winner or a loser.<br /><br />64. A ?buy and hold? strategy doesn?t apply in forex trading<br /><br />65. When you open an account with a broker, don't just decide on the amount of money, decide on the length of time you should trade. This approach helps you conserve your equity, and helps avoid the Las Vegas approach of "Well, I'll trade till my stake runs out." Experience shows that many who have been at it over a long period of time end up making money.<br /><br />66. Carry a notebook with you, and jot down interesting market information. Write down the market openings, price ranges, your fills, stop orders, and your own personal observations. Re-read your notes from time to time; use them to help analyze your performance.<br /><br />67. Don't count profits in your first 20 trades. Keep track of the percentage of wins. Once you know you can pick direction, profits can be increased with multi-plot trading and variations in using your stops. In other words, now is the time to get serious about money management.<br /><br />68."Rome was not built in a day," and no real movement of importance takes place in one day.<br /><br />69. Do not overtrade.<br /><br />70. Have two accounts. One real account and the other a demo account. Learning doesn't stop when trading real dollars begins. Keep the demo account and use it to test alternative trades, alternative stops, etc.<div class="blogger-post-footer"><script type="text/javascript"><!--
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The 80%, who are holding much smaller positions per trader, are considered to be weaker hands who will be forced to liquidate those longs on any sudden turn in prices.<br /><br />3. Nobody is bigger than the market.<br /><br />4. The challenge is not to be the market, but to read the market. Riding the wave is much more rewarding than being hit by it.<br /><br />5. Trade with the trends, rather than trying to pick tops and bottoms.<br /><br />6. Trying to pick tops and bottoms is another common fx trading mistake. If you're going to trade tops and bottoms, at least wait until the price action actually confirms that a top or a bottom has been formed before you take a position in the market. Trying to pin-point tops and bottoms in the foreign exchange market is very risky, but exercising a little patience and waiting for a proven top or bottom to form can increase your odds of profiting and somewhat reduce your risk.<br /><br />7. There are at least three types of markets: up trending, range bound, and down. Have different trading strategies for each.<br /><br />8. Standing aside is a position.<br /><br />9. In uptrends, buy the dips ;in downtrends, sell bounces.<br /><br />10. In a Bull market, never sell a dull market, in Bear market, never buy a dull market.<br /><br />11. Up market and down market patterns are ALWAYS present, merely one is more dominant. In an up market, for example, it is very easy to take sell signal after sell signal, only to be stopped out time and again. Select trades with the trend.<br /><br />12. A buy signal that fails is a sell signal. A sell signal that fails is a buy signal.<br /><br />13. Let profits run, cut losses short.<br /><br />14. Let your profits run, but don't let greed get in the way. Once you've already made a nice profit on a trade, consider taking either some or all of the money off the table and move on to the next trade. It's natural to hope that one trade will end up as your "winning lottery ticket" and make you rich, but that is simply not realistic. Don't hold the position too long and end up giving all your well-deserved profits back to the market.<br /><br />15. Use protective stops to limit losses.<br /><br />16. Use appropriate stop-loss orders at all times to cut your losses and never, ever sit back and let your losses run. Almost every trader at some point makes the mistake of letting his or her losses run in hopes that the market will eventually turn around in his or her favor but, more often than not, it simply leads to an even greater loss. You win some, you lose some. Simply learn to cut your losses, take your occasional lumps and move on to the next trade. And if you made a mistake, learn from it and don't do it again. To avoid letting your losses run, get into the habit of determining an acceptable profit target as well as an acceptable risk tolerance level for each and every forex trade before entering the market. Then simply place a stop-loss order at the appropriate price - but not so tight (close to the market) that the stop could quickly take you out of the position before the market has a chance to move in your favor. Using a stop is always the smart move.<br /><br />17. Avoid placing protective stops at obvious round numbers. Protective stops on long positions should be placed below round numbers (10, 20, 25, 50,75, 100) and on short positions ,above such numbers.<br /><br />18. Placing stop loss is an art. The trader must combine technical factors on the price chart with money management considerations.<br /><br />19. Analyze your losses. Learn from your losses. They're expensive lessons; you paid for them. Most traders don't learn from their mistakes because they don't like to think about them.<br /><br />20. Stay out of trouble, your first loss is your smallest loss.<br /><br />21. Survive! In forex trading, the ones who stay around long enough to be there when those "big moves" come along are often successful.<br /><br />22. If you are a new trader, be a small trader (mini account) for at least a year, then analyze your good trades and your bad ones. You can really learn more from your bad ones.<br /><br />23. Don't trade unless you're well financed...so that market action, not financial condition, dictates your entry and exit from the market. If you don't start with enough money, you may not be able to hang in there if the market temporarily turns against you.<br /><br /><a href="http://trading-education.blogspot.com/2007/10/learn-basics-of-forex-trading-2.html">Learn the basics of forex trading 2</a><br /><a href="http://trading-education.blogspot.com/2007/10/learn-basics-of-forex-trading-3.html">Learn the basics of forex trading 3</a><br /><a href="http://trading-education.blogspot.com/2007/10/learn-basics-of-forex-trading-4.html">Learn the basics of forex trading 4</a><br /><a href="http://trading-education.blogspot.com/2007/10/learn-basics-of-forex-trading-5.html">Learn the basics of forex trading 5</a><br /><a href="http://trading-education.blogspot.com/2007/10/learn-basics-of-forex-trading-6.html">Learn the basics of forex trading 6</a><div class="blogger-post-footer"><script type="text/javascript"><!--
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However, not all historical systems are capable of delivering complete risk assessments, and choosing the wrong tool could lead to poor live trading results.<br /> <h3>Content</h3>ANALYSIS<br /><ul><li>Use historical testing as a risk assessment tool. </li><li>Learn how historical testing works and can be optimized. </li><li>Understand the potential pitfalls of historical testing. </li></ul>ACTION<br /><ul><li>Test your systems to get baseline metrics for risk performance. </li><li>Optimize your systems to minimize drawdowns and consecutive losses. </li><li>Trade your systems live with a few caveats about historical testing. </li></ul>RELATED MATERIAL<br /><ul><li>Test-drive FX Engines for free online at <a onclick="window.open(this.href);return false;" href="http://www.fxengines.com/">www.fxengines.com</a> to see the power of system building, system testing, and system automation. </li></ul> <h3>About this Report</h3>The Forex Report is a periodic publication that investigates advanced strategies for superior trading performance in the foreign exchange markets. These reports utilize advanced statistical and econometric modeling techniques to create new insight into the trading strategy of the average trader. This Core Concept Brief, Historical Testing, is intended for traders with all levels of forex trading experience and technical analysis understanding.<br /><br />To learn more about The Forex Report or to register for delivery of all future reports by email, including Case Studies & Data Briefs, please visit <a onclick="window.open(this.href);return false;" href="http://www.fxengines.com/">www.fxengines.com</a><br /> <h3>Analysis</h3><strong>Historical testing is one of the most powerful tools in the trader’s arsenal. Using a large amount of historical data allows the trader to build systems that are fundamentally sound and expand upon them. Along with the benefits of historical tests come a few warnings about the dangers of using historical results irresponsibly.</strong><br /><br /><strong>ASSESSING RISK</strong><br />Each time a trader places an order, a number of factors combine to form a risk profile for that particular trade. Chief among these factors are position size, volatility, drawdown potential, and recent events. For a trader with a long history of live trading experience with a particular system, these dynamics are well known. But the trader who deploys a new system usually does so without the advantage of this live trading perspective. For these traders, historical and live tests are the best substitutes for actual trades.<br /><br /><strong>HISTORICAL TESTS</strong><br />Historical tests, in particular, provide a rich analytic framework for ascertaining a system’s ability to cope with the factors that influence risk. A historical test is a tic-by-tic re-enactment of a trading system’s performance over time. The best systems, like the one offered by FX Engines, use multiple years of tic data, employ that data in a real re-enactment with real trading constraints, and work in a way that the trader can replicate in a real-time, real-money account.<br /><br />A good historical test provides a wealth of data which must be scrutinized by the trader to identify patterns that can be used advantageously in further optimized tests. The most telling metrics are net pips, maximum drawdown, consecutive losses, and success rate. These metrics give the trader enough information to make a rapid determination of the system’s worth. If the system is obviously bad, another direction can be chosen. If the system is good or looks to have potential, further scrutiny is needed.<br /><br />The statistics of a back test are convenient, quick ways to gauge a system’s value, but there is no richer data to mine than the trades themselves. By looking at each trade the trader can get an idea of what happened, even with only a handful of data points. Using this data and the metrics from the test, a course for system optimization can be devised.<br /><br />In some cases the methods for optimizing a system are obvious – adjust a stop, change an exit signal, change the entry schedule, etc. In other cases the methods are not so clear, and that’s when an automated optimizing system is of tremendous value. FX Engines, in particular, has such a tool, the Back Test Multiplier. This tool takes a number of different engines, breaks them down into their component parts, then recombines them into many more engines. This method creates systems that the trader might not have had the time or creativity to discover otherwise.<br /><br />Once a system has been created and optimized through historical tests, a period of live testing is required. Only after verifying the conditions predicted by the historical test should a system be traded in a real account. Even then, real trades can deviate from the historical trades in many ways...<ul class="files"><li><img src="http://mediaserver.fxstreet.com/FileIcon.aspx?mime=application/pdf&width=16" alt="Historical Testing" title="Historical Testing" /><a href="http://mediaserver.fxstreet.com/Reports/f4d43dfd-1460-4a01-973e-8774109241e4/2b06925f-2975-41bb-b5bc-3b3b7cf7afab.pdf">Historical Testing</a></li></ul>source: <a href="http://www.fxstreet.com/education/forex-basics/historical-testing/2006-06-15.html">fxstreet.com/education/forex-basics/historical-testing</a><div class="blogger-post-footer"><script type="text/javascript"><!--
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Hard work is the foundation of all profitable automated trading systems.<br /><h3>Content</h3>ANALYSIS<br /><ul><li>Why is automation of particular use in forex trading? </li><li>What are the major components of automation? </li><li>What does the ideal automated system look like? </li></ul>ACTION<br /><ul><li>Evaluate the systems that allow you to automate. </li><li>Select, test, and implement the platform of choice. </li></ul>RELATED MATERIAL<br /><ul><li>Test-drive FX Engines for free online at <a onclick="window.open(this.href);return false;" href="http://www.fxengines.com/">www.fxengines.com</a> to see the power of system building, system testing, and system automation. </li></ul> <h3>About this Report</h3>The Forex Report is a periodic publication that investigates advanced strategies for superior trading performance in the foreign exchange markets. These reports utilize advanced statistical and econometric modeling techniques to create new insight into the trading strategy of the average trader. This Core Concept Brief, Automated Trading, is intended for traders with all levels of forex trading experience and technical analysis understanding.<br /><br />To learn more about The Forex Report or to register for delivery of all future reports by email, including Case Studies & Data Briefs, please visit <a onclick="window.open(this.href);return false;" href="http://www.fxengines.com/">www.fxengines.com</a> <h3>Analysis</h3><strong>Do you want to work hard or work smart? That’s the real question. Building automated systems is hard work, but it’s hard work with a payoff. Manual trading may work for stocks and futures, but it won’t cut it in forex for most traders.</strong><br /><br />Forex is unlike any market in the world. It’s open for trading 6 days a week, 24 hours per day. It’s dominated by multinational corporate treasuries, massive investment funds, and national banking and economic agencies. There are daily price swings that would make most fund manager’s yearly quota. It all adds up to a lot of risk for the average investor, but there are ways to minimize the risk and take advantage of the huge opportunity.<br /><br />When the average trader first learns of forex trading, it’s all dollar signs and big dreams. The daily volume and profit potential lead many to believe that huge success is just a few pips away. While it’s true that forex presents a large and unique opportunity for traders, it’s also true that most traders are overwhelmed not long after their first few trades. Why?<br /><br />There are too many chances to make money. Without the discipline to really hold to a system, most traders experience a wide array of events that eventually lead to account liquidation. The temptation to jump back in after a loss or gain, the misuse of leverage, the total absence of money management techniques, and many other ills befall the trader who sees one opportunity after another. Soon, physical fatigue sets in, then mental fatigue, and in the end trading becomes a vicious circle of what-ifs and could-have-been’s.<br /><br />Emotion is the true culprit – whether it’s the ethereal highs we experience after gains or the remorseful lows we feel after losses. The trader needs to optimize moments of clear-headedness and objectivity to build systems free of the stress of trading. Once the system is built, the trader has to have the discipline to trade it EXACTLY as it was built. For a variety of reasons, that ability seems to be lacking among all but the top 1% of traders. The rest of us need automation.<br /><br /><strong>COMPONENTS OF AUTOMATION</strong><br />Every automated trading platform should have 4 major components: <ul><li> Signals – Signals are the events that trigger market entry and exit. The platform you choose should have sufficient breadth and customizability of signals to meet you system’s trading needs.<br /></li><li> Systems – Signals are combined in a script for trade entry, trade management, and trade exit, also known as a trading system or trading engine.<br /></li><li> Test Trading – Completely formed engines are tested historically using tic data, and then on a forward-looking basis using a live market price feed.<br /></li><li> Live Trading – Tested engines are elevated to live trading status, where a reputable forex dealer executes trades in a real money account.</li></ul>Caveat Emptor! Many platforms claim to be a complete solution, but close scrutiny can usually reveal one or more flaws. Decide if you can live with those flaws and if not, move on.<br /><br /><strong>THE IDEAL PLATFORM</strong><br />Automation, in its best implementation: <ul><li> Provides exact execution of a trader’s system. The ideal automated trading platform allows a trader to work in a test environment with the exact same set of tools that will be used live. It allows the trader to build systems, test them, and implement them live in such a way that the trader knows that the live system will execute trades exactly as the test system did, and similar performance should result.<br /></li><li> Frees the trader from the majority of physical and emotional demands that are particularly forceful in the 24 hour, large player dominated world of forex trading.<br /></li><li> Makes money for the trader!</li></ul><ul class="files"><li><img src="http://mediaserver.fxstreet.com/FileIcon.aspx?mime=application/pdf&width=16" alt="Automated Trading" title="Automated Trading" /><a href="http://mediaserver.fxstreet.com/Reports/1ebdde5d-139b-4837-8209-c543980a5fd7/28c57e94-ab6e-4165-a611-f9a15c60b7f2.pdf">Automated Trading</a></li></ul>source: <a href="http://www.fxstreet.com/education/forex-basics/automated-trading/2006-06-15.html">fxstreet.com/education/forex-basics/automated-trading</a><div class="blogger-post-footer"><script type="text/javascript"><!--
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Understanding what makes these markets tick is a good step towards a successful trading record.<br /><h3>Content</h3>ANALYSIS<br /><ul><li>Get the answers to the most frequent questions about the foreign exchange marketplace. </li></ul>ACTION<br /><ul><li>Learn more about the other forces that shape forex. </li><li>Choose a few basic trading strategies to get started. </li><li>Start trading, but don’t bet the farm. </li></ul>RELATED MATERIAL<br /><ul><li>Test-drive FX Engines for free online at www.fxengines.com to see the power of system building, system testing, and system automation. </li></ul> <h3>About this Report</h3>The Forex Report is a periodic publication that investigates advanced strategies for superior trading performance in the foreign exchange markets. These reports utilize advanced statistical and econometric modeling techniques to create new insight into the trading strategy of the average trader. This Core Concept Brief, Welcome to Forex, is intended for traders with all levels of forex trading experience and technical analysis understanding.<br /><br />To learn more about The Forex Report or to register for delivery of all future reports by email, including Case Studies & Data Briefs, please visit <a onclick="window.open(this.href);return false;" href="http://www.fxengines.com/">www.fxengines.com</a><br /><h3>Analysis</h3>Forex is full of many concepts that are foreign to traders who have previously specialized in stocks or commodities. Understanding these aspects of forex is a key to making you more comfortable in this new trading environment.<br /><br /><strong>Q: What is forex?</strong><br /><br /><strong>A</strong>: Forex is the foreign exchange marketplace where currencies from different countries are valued and exchanged. Most people only know about forex to the extent that they have changed money going from one country to another. When they did so, they unwittingly played a role in the world’s biggest marketplace. Forex trades almost $2 trillion per day, a total that exceeds all of the world’s biggest – and better known – markets.<br /><br />Since currencies are valued differently, there is a market in place to set those values. Where a market exists speculation inevitably follows. In this case, the market is hyper-active. Banks sending deposits around the world, corporations hedging their exposure to currency risk in different countries, government banks forwarding national economic goals through monetary policy, and massive investment funds playing the role of speculator. Not long ago, that was the extent of the market. It was the domain of the professional trader or banker.<br /><br />The word “market” usually invokes the idea of a central market place like the New York or London exchanges. This is not the case in forex. Instead, forex functions through what is known as the “interbank” market. Interbank is a fancy way of saying that banks trade with each other, absent a central market place. This is one major reason why volume data is not available for forex. It’s also the reason why retail investors and smaller traders were left on the sideline for so long.<br /><br />In the 90’s, a series of events unfolded that made forex available to retail investors. Deregulation led many companies to form pools of liquidity where retail investors could take advantage of the huge speculative opportunity in forex. These dealers offered high leverage, low minimums, and a new way to trade – 24/7.<br /><br /><strong>Q: What are pairs and pips?</strong><br /><br /><strong>A</strong>: Each currency exists in the marketplace not on its own, but as a “cross” between itself and another currency. This is practical, since when you travel to Europe you want to exchange your money for Euros. If you have US Dollars, you will be exchanging money at the rate set by EURUSD. EURUSD is a “pair”. It also happens to be the most popular pair. Most currencies are paired with EUR and USD, and to other currencies to a lesser extent. The “four majors” are EURUSD (Euro/Dollar), USDJPY (Dollar/Yen), GBPUSD (Pound/Dollar), and USDCHF (Dollar/Franc).<br /><br />The bid-ask spread is usually lowest for the four majors, since their volume is the highest. With high volume the dealer is usually assured of having ample liquidity to meet your trading needs, so they charge you less through the spread. For more obscure, less traded pairs, the spread will be more, since dealers assume more risk in completing those transactions.<br /><br />The spread itself is made up of pips. A pip is simply an incremental unit in forex. In stocks, you call them ticks or points. That makes sense because usually all stocks are quoted in the same currency. In forex, each currency may have a different incremental unit. For example, a quote in EURUSD might be 1.3240, versus a quote in USDJPY at 107.87. What is the incremental unit? There is no common unit, so one was created, and it was named a pip. A pip is always worth $10 if the pair ends in USD. If not, you will need to refer to a pip calculator to get the value, since these per pip values can vary, even within the same currency.<br /><br /><strong>Q: How do you trade forex?</strong><br /><br /><strong>A</strong>: There are two major methods for trading forex: fundamental and technical.<br />Fundamental analysis relies upon a broad and near-expert understanding of multi-national macroeconomic statistics and events.<br /><br />Fundamental traders believe that the value of a pair is determined by the underlying health of the two nations involved in the pair. A high value for GBPUSD, for example, would suggest a better economic outlook in Britain vis-à-vis the United States. Global events like news, catastrophes, politics or economic shocks all play a role in determining price.<br /><br />Technical analysis is based on the mathematical analysis of price, and of many variables which all derive from price. Technical traders believe that technical indicators include fundamental analysis and also provide repeatable, tradable patterns. Technical traders use charts to determine support and resistance, draw trend lines, or analyze measures like moving averages, etc.<br /><br />Whichever camp you belong to determines your trading approach. A fundamental trader may take the Warren Buffet approach and buy-and-hold a pair, expecting long term returns. A technical trader may play long term as well, but usually day trades. Some fundamental traders trade on news, which may just be certain days of the month.<br /><br /><strong>Q: What is leverage?</strong><br /><br /><strong>A</strong>: Since dealers have ultimate control over accounts and trades, they are willing to loan money to the trader. That’s called margin – basically a loan from the dealer to the trader, but based on the trader’s equity. Normally if the trader wants to trade EURUSD he would need $100K, but not if the dealer offers margin. Margin is another word for leverage, with a little difference in concept.<br /><br />Some dealers will allow you to trade a full standard contract with just $500 in margin available. That means the user has to have at least $500 (or really $500 + spread) in their account to trade. If at any time their account balance equals or drops below their margin requirement, the dealer will liquidate all of their positions. That’s called a Margin Call. So if you traded 5 contracts with $4,000 in your account, you would be using $2500 in margin. If the trade went against you $1500, you would be taken out.<br /><br />When you traded the one contract with $500 in margin, you controlled $100,000. That’s leverage. It’s 200:1 in this case (leverage = $100,000 divided by $ per contract as a % of total equity). In this example, you would only be employing 200:1 leverage if your account equity was $500. Most dealers have scaling margin which allows smaller accounts to use something like 200:1 and bigger accounts to use 50:1, or 10:1. If you had $20K in your account and played 40 contracts, that would be 200:1 leverage. $100K with 10 contracts is 10:1.<br /><br />Leverage is one of the biggest reasons people trade forex, but it’s also one of the biggest reasons people lose money. Be careful to manage your leverage position when trading, especially when starting out.<br /><br /><strong>Q: What tools do I need when starting out?</strong><br /><br /><strong>A</strong>: First, common sense and good judgment! Dealers make it very easy for new traders to come in and make money, but many of those same features make it possible to lose money very quickly. Use the demo system to start, and then be sure to begin with one mini contract (controls $10,000, not $100,000 like the standard contract).<br /><br />Beyond that, you will need a trading platform, charts, and/or a news service. Joining a trading community with forums is also a great way to learn.<br /><br />Most dealers will provide a trading platform. Some offer an automated platform on their own, and others offer an automated platform through a third party. FX Engines offers its automated trading platform with many features for beginning traders, and routes all trades through FXCM, the world’s largest dealer. Other automated trading platforms may be different.<br /><br />Charts are sometimes offered through the trading platform, as is news. If not, check one of the many forex forums online to get a sense for what people think are good chart and news subscriptions, then give those a try.<br /><br /><strong>Q: What’s the most important element in trading forex?</strong><br /><br />A: Discipline. That’s easy to say and much easier to practice in other markets. Forex makes it tougher because it’s always open, and big moves are always happening. It’s one of the reasons why an automated system is so valuable in forex.<br /><br />Even if you forego automation, you need to develop a script for trading that you can always follow. Consistency is the key, and your ability to stay consistent will surely be challenged.<br /><br />Learn all you can, build a system, and practice trading before you risk a dollar. The early losses that come from a rush to trading can damage confidence, and that can be difficult to repair. The markets are going nowhere – if you take the time to learn and then consistently apply your knowledge to this huge market your rewards will surely follow.<strong><br /></strong><ul class="files"><li><img src="http://mediaserver.fxstreet.com/FileIcon.aspx?mime=application/pdf&width=16" alt="Welcome to Forex" title="Welcome to Forex" /><a href="http://mediaserver.fxstreet.com/Reports/c14db713-5d5c-4fab-8906-4b7801e64d9b/54fe9eab-84d5-4d7a-b6ad-e7e36618621b.pdf">Welcome to Forex</a></li></ul>source: <a href="http://www.fxstreet.com/education/forex-basics/welcome-to-forex/2006-06-15.html">fxstreet.com/education/forex-basics/welcome-to-forex</a><div class="blogger-post-footer"><script type="text/javascript"><!--
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Your instructors won’t teach you the good stuff, the stuff that can really help you excel in your job or make money in the markets. That all falls under the umbrella of “practical knowledge” which is not what college curricula are generally designed to pass along to young, eager minds looking to learn.<br /><br />Have no fear, though! This report will help fill in the gaps. While it’s impossible to cover everything you could possibly want to learn in this brief space, here you will be given seven specific areas of focus. It is my intent to provide you with something of a guide to help you go beyond your text books and take your financial education to another level. From there you’ll be able truly accelerate your growth at a rapid pace, allowing you the opportunity to have more success. Ready? Let’s go.<br /> <h3>#1 You Really Can Make Loads of Money in the Markets</h3>Have you ever had an instructor talk about all the money there is out there to be had trading the financial markets? Unless you’ve had the great fortune of having one of those rare professors who actually has experience doing just that (and there are a few), the answer is most likely, “No”. This is because most finance faculty have had the efficient market theory drilled in to their heads for years. After all, every bit of research they have ever seen says you cannot make “excess profits”. Well, that simply is not true.<br /><br />If you want to trade the markets, or even think you might want to, then these three books by Jack Schwager are a must read: Market Wizards, The New Market Wizards, and Stock Market Wizards. These books are all essentially a collection of interviews in which the great money managers, investors, and traders or our time share their experiences with Schwager, a respected professional in his own right. These men and women have literally made billions in the markets. You get direct insight from these market luminaries, and Schwager also provides tons of educational content in his own right through glossaries, discussions of market topics, and outstanding summaries of the knowledge and understanding the interviews impart. Belief that you can achieve awesome results is the first component to being successful, and the Market Wizard series will definitely make you believe! There are other books with a similar concept, but Schwager’s works are by far the worth owning. You will absolutely read them again and again, and they will more than pay for themselves.<br /> <h3>#2 The Stock Market is Not the Only Market</h3>If you read the Market Wizards books noted in the previous section, you will quickly realized that there is money to be made in all sorts of different markets: stocks, bonds, currencies, commodities, futures, options. In fact, the equity markets are really a minor player in the realm of modern global finance. This is not something that gets a lot of play in the classroom, though. Why? Because of the focuses on portfolio theory, capital budgeting, and other subjects which end up have relatively little importance to the average financial professional. In particular, you should explore currencies and fixed income in more detail than what you will probably get in your classes.<br /><br />The currency market (also known as foreign exchange, forex, or FX) is by far the largest. Currencies are usually discussed in an international finance type of course which provides a cursory coverage at best. Yes, the triangular arbitrage is important, but even with the advent of many so called “trading rooms” in business schools across the country, students are not being taught the real practicalities of forex trading and the impact of foreign exchange market movements on the rest of the financial system. The fact of the matter is that currency trading is now even easier than is the case for stocks. You can do it on-line, 24-hours per day. Those interested in learn more on the topic, or taking the plunge in to foreign exchange trading would do well to start with Cornelius Luca’s excellent book Trading in the Global Currency Markets. It is a good introduction to the market, including the terminology and analytic methods one needs to talk the talk and walk the walk. For those with an interest in learning how some of the real currency superstars think, Investment Biker and Adventure Capitalist by Jim Rogers and Soros on Soros and The Alchemy of Finance by George Soros are well worth the read. Rogers is a well known investor and commentator and just the name “Soros” in and of itself has the power to move markets.<br /><br />Perhaps even more important than foreign exchange, if smaller in actual trading volume, is the fixed income market. Fixed income encompasses tradable instruments ranging from very short term paper such as T-Bills, Eurodollars, and Commercial Paper out to long-term debt in the form of Treasury and Corporate Bonds, not to mention mortgage and asset backed instruments. Fixed Income securities are issued by governments, government agencies, municipalities and companies all over the world. The sad thing is how little coverage this topic gets in financial education. This despite the fact that the basis of fixed income is cash flow, which is also the core of most valuation methods currently taught in college business programs. Interest rates drive everything, from the action of the stock market to fluctuations in currency exchange rates. That is why even the slightest little comment from folks like Alan Greenspan and other similar monetary authorities around the globe is analyzed for its meaning and potential impact. An understanding of the fixed income markets will benefit you enormously, regardless of what area of finance you specialize it. To that end, The Bond Market by Christina Ray is a worthwhile reference. Ray breaks down the intricacies of fixed income securities in a very easy to understand fashion. Of course there is also Fabozzi’s The Handbook of Fixed Income Securities, which can probably be found on every trading desk. The Fabozzi book is comprehensive in nature, where as the Ray book covers fewer topics, but breaks them down in a more manageable, practical way.<br /><br />There are, of course, many other markets and tradables beyond these. The point I want to reinforce here, however, is that as a financial professional you need to be aware of what is happening in currencies and interest rates. Failure to do so means you will have an incomplete market picture for your analysis.<br /> <h3>#3 The Mind is More Important than the Tools</h3>In finance class we learn all sorts of things, like how to calculate present and future values and how to price securities. Finance is all about numbers, formulae, and analysis, right? Wrong! We are given all sorts of tools to use, but there is something very important missing - an understanding of the human mind and its impact on how those tools get applied, misapplied, or not applied at all. It would behoove anyone with an eye on the market activity to take a few psychology classes along the way.<br /><br />The financial markets, no matter how they may be characterized otherwise, are a collection of individuals interacting with each other. As such, it is important for us to understand the impact of collective psychology. You merely have to watch the markets to see the impact of group think. The bubble in internet stocks that burst in 2000 is a perfect example. Clear-headed market analysis went out the window as everyone jumped on the bandwagon thinking that there was no way to lose. Then, on the downside it was the exact opposite. The no one wanted anything to do with stocks in certain sectors, not because of any legitimate evaluation, but because they had been burned before. This sort of thing happens to greater or lesser degrees all the time, in all time frames. A very good book on the topic is Extraordinary Popular Delusions and the Madness of Crowds by Charles MacKay and Bernard M. Baruch. It explores the whole topic of manias, especially where it relates to the financial arena, and should give you an excellent view in to mob mentality.<br /><br />But we should not just think about the market when we think about psychology. If you want to be a successful trader or investor, you need to understand what’s going on inside your own head as well. Being able to produce sustained above average returns takes more than luck. It takes a major mental commitment and knowledge of the pitfalls we can create for ourselves without even knowing it. We can have the best trading system in the world, but if we cannot stick to the methodology because we allow our mind to override the signals or analysis, what good is it? Dr. Van K Tharp, who is profiled in Market Wizards and has worked with a great many traders, put together an excellent work on the subject. Trade Your Way to Financial Freedom is a good follow-on to the Market Wizards series. Another good mental book is The Way of the Warrior Trader by Richard D. McCall, and Trading in the Zone: Master the Market with Confidence, Discipline and a Winning Attitude by Mark Douglas is a popular title on the subject as well. Be sure to take seriously the psychology of trading. It really can make the difference between success and failure.<br /> <h3>#4 Technical Analysis is Respected</h3>The weak form of the Efficient Market Hypothesis essentially tells us technical analysis, which focuses a lot on historical price movements, is worthless because it has already been factored in to the market price. As such, technical analysis has been widely looked down upon in academia for years. Well, the real word of trading and market analysis takes another view. It is true that technicians were once a rare and misunderstood breed. Over the past decade or so, however, the discipline has become increasingly valued as a legitimate methodology. Academics still raise their eyebrows at the mere idea that one could make money looking at charts, but practitioners are paid to get results and many use technicals to do just that. As such, technical analysis should be seen as a legitimate analytic tool for your own work in the markets.<br /><br />Here’s the thing, though. Technical Analysis covers a vast array of techniques and methods. Some folks are chartists. Others use calculated indicators. Still others use astrology and other more esoteric methods. As suggested above, in a wide definition, technical analysis is the use of past market action to determine likely future action. The idea is that markets will react somewhat predictably to certain occurrences. Underlying that notion is the fact that people react somewhat predictably to stimuli, and the market is nothing more than a collection of people. Ah, ha! Psychology comes back again. I told you in the last section it was important.<br /><br />I am not here to advocate technical analysis, though. It is merely one of many available tools. Some folks prefer it. Others are more fundamentally oriented, using earnings, economic conditions, etc. to determine valuation. A lot of it comes down to personality and interests. You learn the basics of fundamental analysis (pro forma earning projections, growth rates, discounting future earnings, etc) in your finance classes. If you learn technicals at all, is probably only in passing. It is up to you to explore the topic on your own. There are several very worthwhile resources at your disposal in that regard. Tops among them is John Murphy’s Technical Analysis of the Financial Markets. This book is widely considered the bible of technical analysis and will give you an outstanding overview of the topic. The Steve Nison books on candlestick charting, starting with Japanese Candlestick Charting, are excellent as well. Mind over Markets by Eric T. Jones discusses the “Market Profile” technique, which is not widely known in academia but has many adherents in the markets.<br /><br />Perhaps the best book on combining technical and fundamental analysis is How to Make Money in Stocks by William J. O’Neil. Among titles to consider about developing trading systems there are Campaign Trading by John Sweeney, Street Smarts by Laurence A. Connors and Linda Bradford Raschke, Long-Term Secrets to Short-Term Trading by Larry Williams, and Trading Systems That Work by Thomas Stridsman.<br /><br />Anyone seriously considering the pursuit of technical analysis, personally or professionally, should consider joining the Market Technicians Association. The MTA provides a certification and other educational programs, and is a good way to meet technicians from around the world. Also, Stocks & Commodities magazine is the industry standard for the discussion of technical analysis and trading system design.<br /> <h3>#5 You Can Trade Real Estate</h3>You know all that accounting you have to learn, and all those finance basics they make you take before you get to the good stuff? Well, you can put that education to use in the real estate market right now. The most advanced topic one needs to understand to play the real estate market is that of leverage, or to put it another way, how to use other people’s money (OPM). Property can be bought and sold just like any other asset. You can trade it, which basically means buying a property and selling it shortly thereafter, preferably at a higher price, oftentimes after doing some fix-up work. You can also invest in real estate by going for longer-term price appreciation and/or cash flow from rents. The best part is, anyone can do it, regardless of income or education.<br /><br />Analyzing a potential real estate purchase is much like doing fundamental analysis on a stock you might like to buy, and oftentimes with similar time frames in mind. You try to determine a fair market value, see what kind of returns you can generate, etc. Obviously, owning property does not provide the same liquidity, nor does it have the same kind of potential for that trading rush, but there are advantages. You can buy property for very little down, sometimes with nothing at all down. Can’t do that with stocks where at a minimum you have to have 50% for the margin requirements. That means your potential returns in real estate can be truly exceptional.<br /><br />With all this in mind, you would do well to learn all you can about real estate, and there is certainly a lot of information out there. If there is a class available to you, take it. Talk to people you might know in the business - realtors, bankers, attorneys, investors. It is not necessary for you to have loads of money, great credit, or any of what we normally get told are the requirements for buying real estate. Creativity, persistence, and a strong desire to succeed are more important. A couple of books that will help you learn some great techniques for building a real estate investment program are Nothing Down for the 2000s and Creating Wealth by Robert Allen, the man who put the concept of little or no money down on the map. Another worthwhile addition to your library would be Ira Wealth: Revolutionary Strategies for Real Estate Investment by Patrick W. Rice, Jennifer Dirks. This book provides a good discussion of how IRA accounts can be used to invest in real estate, despite what you might have been told by banks and brokers. Real Estate is a fantastic way to build wealth, and the best part is the tax code actually works in your favor! Make sure to take a look in to it for yourself.<br /> <h3>#6 Study Personal Finance</h3>Some colleges actually have personal finance courses available, but oftentimes business students consider such classes beneath them. I should know. I was one of them. It isn’t high finance. There’s no glamour in managing your checking account, and insurance can put one to sleep. Wrong attitude! A good understanding or personal finance will go a long, long way in life. In fact, it will probably be more valuable to you in the grand scheme of things than all the stuff in your finance course text books. Personal finance covers a wide array of topics. I will briefly touch on some of the bigger ones.<br /><br />Savings and investment is probably what most people think of when we talk about personal finance. In short, it is what you do with the income you have above and beyond your normal living expense, commonly referred to as discretionary income or funds. Obviously, retirement savings is a hot topic. You need to be fully educated on whatever program your employer provides, if any, and what options you have outside that. Make the best use of what’s available to you. The more funds you can get to work early, the better for the long term situation thanks to the magic of compound interest. At the same time, you should be putting money aside in a rainy day fund. You will hear different experts recommend anything from a month to a year worth of salary as a reserve against loss of income, emergencies, etc. Your situation will dictate what is right for you, but something should definitely be set aside in a secure, easily accessible place. Of course if it’s your ambition to trade, you’ll want a program in place to build up a sufficient bankroll for that purpose. In most cases, $5000 is the recommended minimum. Starting much lower than that will make transactions costs significant, plus you will have fewer options in terms of working within a risk structure suitable to your needs.<br /><br />A very important area of personal finance, and one that needs more focus, is debt use and management. We are a society fueled by debt. That has its plusses and minuses. Borrowing, when handled properly, allows us to do things we would not have been able to do otherwise: buy a car or a house, pay for our education, fund investments, etc. Unfortunately, too many people misuse debt, especially credit card debt, and get themselves in trouble. A lot of these problems can be remedied through discipline. Do you really need those DVDs? Are you dining out more than your budget allows? Remember, you are going to have a hard time building up investment capital if you have to pay all your excess earnings out to the credit card companies. Moreover, you do not ever want to put yourself in a potential bankruptcy situation? It takes a long time to recover from that kind of filing.<br /><br />The last big personal finance topic we will cover is estate planning. For a young person that sounds like something way off in the future. True, it is, but that does not mean there are not things you need to be looking at now. Do you have a will? Not everyone really needs one, but if you have assets you would like to make sure go to those you want receiving them should anything ever happen, you should put something together. The process is not that difficult. Do you have life insurance? Again, you may not need it. Many single people do not, whereas most folks with a family should probably have a policy. It’s a topic a lot of folks hate even think about, but it is well worth the time.<br /><br />There are a lot of things related to personal finance you can do now, or at a minimum learn about, that can help you throughout your life. For example, taxes will be an ever present part of your life. Understanding them, even if you never do your own returns, cannot help but provide benefits. Take that view with the whole arena of personal finance. Make it a habit to explore something new all the time. You never know when it could come in very handy. Maybe you’ll even do it for a living!<br /><br />A very useful tool for improving your personal finance acumen is Cashflow® , a game you can play in board version, or on your computer. The game covers a wide range of topics in a fun, entertaining fashion.<br /> <h3>#7 Beware of the Experts</h3>Thinking for yourself is a good thing. Learn to do your own due diligence when it comes to your money. There are lots of so called experts out there. They get quoted in the media all the time. Be careful what you read in to that, though. Newspaper columnists, for example, want something to keep the reader’s attention, make them come back again. Sometimes that means people get quoted, even though they really do not have much to say. An expert is born! I speak from experience on this topic. Myself and my former colleagues often had inane comments not even intended to be serious analysis find their way in to major columns. We’re talking significant business media, not to mention getting picked up by the wires and local papers across the country. Reporters also have favorite interview sources. That can be great if the source is good, but if not the interviews and quotes will give credibility to one who may not deserve it. For that reason, you should really take anything you hear or read with a grain of salt. People have a lot of different perspectives which will not always match your interests.<br /><br />There’s also the fact that sometimes even the best and the brightest can really mess up royally. We need look no further than Long Term Capital Management (LTCM) to see that. A group of very smart, very successful traders did quite well for a while. Then, it all fell apart and forced some major action by the monetary authorities to prevent what could have been a global financial market disaster. You can learn more about LTCM by reading Roger Lowenstein’s well titled book When Genius Failed, which documents the rise and fall of the firm and its major figures. There was also a PBS documentary you can get on video called Trillion Dollar Bet which covers mostly the same topic.<br /><br />The bottom line is that you need to make sure of the value you are getting from these so-called experts. Use your own education, experience and basic common sense, mixed in with a good dose of research, to see if what they have to offer is a) credible and b) worthy of your attention. Even then, once you have decided that they can help your toward your goals, make sure any recommendations you receive fit in with your situation.<br /><br />By the way, this goes for you too. Do not allow yourself to get big in the head once you have achieved some success and set yourself up for a major reversal. The old saying “Pride goeth before the fall” is very true. If you are not careful, you can lose track of what made you successful and find yourself suffering a major set-back. Refer to some of the interviews in the Market Wizards books noted earlier to examples.<br /><br />Hopefully you have at least started the process of expanding your financial awareness beyond the narrow bounds of what college finance programs provide. The finance industry and markets can be both incredibly rewarding and highly frustrating. If you take the contents of this report to heart and use it to guide your own personal education, I think you will find yourself experiencing more of the reward and less of the frustration.<br /><br />I was never the best student growing up. Homework wasn’t something I focused on a whole lot as a kid, especially when I could just get it done in homeroom! We’re not kids anymore, though. If you haven’t already, you will come to find that homework is an important part of life. I refer not to bringing work home from the office, however. Instead, I mean being prepared. Whether it’s an interview, a meeting, a class, a trade or investment, or just life in general, it always is best to go in prepared. Consider the topics addressed in this report, and do your homework.<br /><br />source: <a href="http://www.fxstreet.com/education/forex-basics/seven-big-things-professors-wont-teach-you/2006-06-13.html">fxstreet.com/education/forex-basics/seven-big-things-professors-wont-teach-you</a><div class="blogger-post-footer"><script type="text/javascript"><!--
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There is so much to learn about this highly competitive, volatile and fragile market that we may find it a daunting task to learn it inside-out, so we do need some sort of forex training or education to equip our self to perform better in the market.<br /> <br /> </span></p> <p><span style=";font-family:Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:85%;" >Before starting the forex trading, you should begin your Forex training. A professional instructor can assist you in learning different terminologies, concepts and process as a whole in forex trading. In a good Forex training, there are no high-pressure sales pitches, no tricks, and no hidden agendas, but just plain knowledge. Forex training provides traders the ability to take advantage of the foreign currency exchange. This Forex training empowers investors to become world-class forex traders.<br /> <br /> </span></p> <p><span style=";font-family:Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:85%;" >In any Forex training program, it is recommended that don't invest in any market, the stock market, futures, mutual funds, bonds or the foreign currency exchange, until you first invest in yourself. There are many types of Forex training and education for trading techniques and methodologies. These are almost for anyone to everyone (for the novices and experienced traders), helping them obtain the skills, knowledge and abilities to successfully trade in the foreign currency echange.<br /> </span></p> <p><span style=";font-family:Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:85%;" ><br /> </span></p> <p><span style=";font-family:Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:85%;" >During your Forex training you will learn to control your own order flow by using the state-of-the-art ECN for Forex trading. You will learn how the Pros make money and learn the differences between Forex and equities trading. Decide for yourself, which is the best instrument for you. Don’t be surprised to find that you can use both in harmony. Forex offers 100 to 1 leverage and 24/6 trading hours – trade in the evenings, trade in the early morning before work. Learn to trade with discipline, a plan and the technical tools that the World currency Traders use.<br /> <br /> </span></p> <p><span style=";font-family:Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:85%;" >Literally, there are numerous online and offline resources for Forex training. Some of most common and highly effective ways to get forex trading knowledge are using live seminars, online webinars, trading books, subscription services, etc. depending upon the individual taste, preference, availability and budget constraints there is something to suit almost everyone. For example, learning forex analysis through trading book will enable experienced traders and beginners to trade with confidence. You can run your own successful forex trading business part time or full time from home and generate cash flow in rising or falling markets. You can earn a great income online by training yourself with trading books.<br /> <br /> </span></p> <p><span style=";font-family:Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:85%;" >However, the problem is most books on the subject cover dozens of technical analysis indicators or discusses macroeconomics. There is too much padding and not enough focus on what you really need to trade successfully. Don’t worry in that case; there are several other ways to train you.<br /> <br /> </span></p> <p><span style=";font-family:Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:85%;" >The live seminars delivers a comprehensive aggregation of daily information from the exchanges around world, brokerage firms, regulators and other parties involved in these industries that is not found elsewhere. The live seminars provides you headlines and hyperlinks to media stories, press releases and notices, which gives you an easy to scan and functional format delivered to you every day through internet.<br /> <br /> </span></p> <p><span style=";font-family:Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:85%;" ><b>Forex Training Resources:<br /> </b><br /> </span></p> <p><span style=";font-family:Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:85%;" >Forex-training.com provides high quality training and educational resources for foreign exchange ("Forex") and commodity traders. This site contains information, which will allow the novice to develop an understanding of basic trading techniques, risk control, and finally opening, and managing a Live trading account. For more details, visit: <a href="http://www.forex-training.com/">http://www.forex-training.com</a><br /> <br /> </span></p> <p><span style=";font-family:Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:85%;" >Market Traders Institute is proud to offer free Forex education, at no charge, Lesson One of sixteen, is an excellent forex tutorial. The CEO, President and founder of MTI, teaches the ins and outs of the Foreign currency Exchange Market. There is absolutely no cost. To watch a sample Forex tutorial, visit:<br /> </span></p> <p><span style=";font-family:Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:85%;" ><a href="http://www.forextips.com/lesson1part1.htm">http://www.forextips.com/lesson1part1.htm</a><br /> <br /> </span></p> <p><span style=";font-family:Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:85%;" >Peter Bain's currency trading Course is considered to be one of the top Forex Courses that is a complete trading solution. You get all the information you need to trade your own account profitably - Get a front row seat at home with author, trader and educator Peter Bain in this exclusive video seminar release - enjoy and learn from this content-packed live Forex trading seminar. For details, visit:<br /> </span></p> <p><span style=";font-family:Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:85%;" ><a href="http://www.forexmentor.com/">http://www.forexmentor.com</a><br /> <br /> </span></p> <p><span style=";font-family:Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:85%;" >ebooks for forex trading: according to the company sources, this is no-nonsense eBook manual that is very difficult to find, and has a very limited circulation among top traders - plus you'll receive 6 bonus trading ebooks. For more details, visit:<br /> </span></p> <span style=";font-family:Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:85%;" ><a href="http://ebooksfortrading.uni.cc/">http://ebooksfortrading.uni.cc/</a><br /><br /></span><span style=";font-family:Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:85%;" >source: http://www.onedaytrades.com/articles</span><div class="blogger-post-footer"><script type="text/javascript"><!--
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The secret of successful trading is to take a step back from the market. Trade with the big picture in mind at all times and don't follow the day-to-day market movements that are temporary in nature. Daily market talk can misguide you and sometimes can hypnotize you if you follow it too deeply. You have to see the forest for the trees. That's why you need charting Software that shows you historical trend data as well as current intraday trend data.<br /> <br /> </span></p> <p><span style=";font-family:Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:85%;" >Generally, Forex charting software focuses on the big picture with a wider vision. It prompts you to follow the market and not individual stocks. The market in its entirety has more influence on individual stock prices than any other factor. Even the best stocks decline in a bear market. That's why you need charting Software that shows the trends for indexes and exchanges. Basically it is software to trade forex -- such as the trading applications made available by brokers that includes real-time bid and ask, instant click fills, full charting software, etc.<br /> </span></p> <p><span style=";font-family:Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:85%;" ><br /> </span></p> <p><span style=";font-family:Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:85%;" >Forex charting software includes many features as simple click fills. In this software an indicator is a series of data points that is derived by applying a formula to the price data of a particular security. Price data includes any combination of open, high, low or close points plotted over a period of time. Some indicators may use only the closing prices, while others incorporate volume and open interest into their formulas. The price data is entered into the formula and the software produces a data point. The goal of Technical Analysis is to build indicators and make indicator analysis to build market-timing strategy.<br /> </span></p> <p><span style=";font-family:Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:85%;" ><br /> </span></p> <p><span style=";font-family:Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:85%;" >A fully functional and carefully designed Forex charting software can provide you many benefits along with simplifying your analyses. These softwares are user friendly and easy to use. Charting softwares are realistic true portfolio trading simulator and back testers are also available in softwares for your trading. With these softwares you can back test your trading system the way you would trade it and objectively analyze its performance without any of the limitations of single security.<br /> <br /> </span></p> <p><span style=";font-family:Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:85%;" ><b>Some useful resources for Forex charting are:<br /> </b></span></p> <p><span style=";font-family:Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:85%;" >MTI Forex charting is the choice of professional Forex traders. A true multiple time frame analysis software package for professional Forex traders. The charts have the capacity to plot indicators on three different time frames, enabling traders to plainly see what the weekly and daily indicators are showing, compared to their intraday indicators on the same chart, all in real-time. For more details, and to register for trial visit: <a href="http://www.forextips.com/register_charting.htm">http://www.forextips.com/register_charting.htm</a><br /> <br /> </span></p> <p><span style=";font-family:Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:85%;" >eSignal offers a comprehensive suite of award-winning foreign currency charting services that provide real-time, streaming market information and intelligent, decision support tools for the active trader. For more details, visit: <a href="http://www.esignal.com/">http://www.esignal.com</a><br /> <br /> </span></p> <p><span style=";font-family:Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:85%;" >CQG - Provides advanced charting analytics for all markets, including forex.<br /> <a href="http://www.cqg.com/">http://www.cqg.com</a><br /> <br /> </span></p> <p><span style=";font-family:Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:85%;" >Infotec - Offers charts on various markets and in various time frames.<br /> <a href="http://www.infotecnet.com/">http://www.infotecnet.com</a><br /> <br /> </span></p> <span style=";font-family:Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:85%;" >NetDania - Has charts for various markets in multiple time frames including tick charts.<br /> <a href="http://www.netdania.com/">http://www.netdania.com</a><br /><br /></span><span style=";font-family:Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:85%;" >source: http://www.onedaytrades.com/articles</span><div class="blogger-post-footer"><script type="text/javascript"><!--
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The repetition of words in meta tags may explain why many <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Search_engine" title="Search engine">search engines</a> no longer use these tags.</p> <p>Keyword stuffing is used to obtain maximum search engine ranking and visibility for particular phrases. A word that is repeated too often may raise a red flag to search engines. In particular, Google has been known to delist sites employing this technique, and their indexing algorithm specifically lowers the ranking of sites that do this.</p> <p>Hiding text out of view of the visitor is done in many different ways. Text colored to blend with the background, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cascading_Style_Sheets" title="Cascading Style Sheets">CSS</a> "Z" positioning to place text "behind" an image – and therefore out of view of the visitor – and CSS absolute positioning to have the text positioned far from the page center, are all common techniques. As of 2005, some of these invisible text techniques can be detected by major search engines.</p> <p>"Noscript" tags are another way to place hidden content within a page. While they are a valid optimization method for displaying an alternative representation of scripted content, they may be abused, since search engines may index content that is invisible to most visitors.</p> <p>Inserted text sometimes includes words that are frequently searched (such as "sex"), even if those terms bear little connection to the content of a page, in order to attract traffic to advert-driven pages.</p> <p>Keyword stuffing can be considered to be either a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Search_engine_optimization#.22White_hat.22_methods" title="Search engine optimization">white hat</a> or a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Search_engine_optimization#.22Black_hat.22_methods" title="Search engine optimization">black hat</a> tactic, depending on the context of the technique, and the opinion of the person judging it. While a great deal of keyword stuffing is employed to aid in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spamdexing" title="Spamdexing">spamdexing</a>, which is of little benefit to the user, keyword stuffing in certain circumstances is designed to benefit the user and not skew results in a deceptive manner. Whether the term carries a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pejorative" title="Pejorative">pejorative</a> or neutral <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Connotation" title="Connotation">connotation</a> is dependent on whether the practice is used to pollute the results with pages of little relevance, or to direct traffic to a page of relevance that would have otherwise been de-emphasized due to the search engine's inability to interpret and understand related ideas.</p> <p><a name="See_also" id="See_also"></a></p> <h2><span class="editsection"></span><span class="mw-headline">See also</span></h2> <ul><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloaking" title="Cloaking">Cloaking</a></li><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doorway_pages" title="Doorway pages">Doorway pages</a></li><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spamdexing" title="Spamdexing">Spamdexing</a></li><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scraper_site" title="Scraper site">Scraper site</a></li></ul> <p><a name="External_links" id="External_links"></a></p> <h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Keyword_stuffing&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline">External links</span></h2> <ul><li><a href="http://www.google.com/webmasters/seo.html" class="external text" title="http://www.google.com/webmasters/seo.html" rel="nofollow">Google Guidelines</a></li><li><a href="http://help.yahoo.com/help/us/ysearch/deletions/deletions-05.html" class="external text" title="http://help.yahoo.com/help/us/ysearch/deletions/deletions-05.html" rel="nofollow">Yahoo! Guidelines</a></li><li><a href="http://www.onepax.com/info/56/the-dangers-of-keyword-stuffing/" class="external text" title="http://www.onepax.com/info/56/the-dangers-of-keyword-stuffing/" rel="nofollow">The Dangers of Keyword Stuffing</a></li></ul> <table id="collapsibleTable0" class="navbox collapsible autocollapse" style="margin: auto;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><span style="float: right; font-weight: normal; text-align: right; width: 6em;">[<a href="javascript:collapseTable(0);" id="collapseButton0">hide</a>]</span> <div style="float: left; width: 6em; text-align: left;"> <div class="noprint plainlinksneverexpand" style="padding: 0pt; background-color: transparent; font-weight: normal; font-size: xx-small; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Spamming" title="Template:Spamming"><span title="View this template">v</span></a> <span style="font-size: 80%;">•</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Spamming" title="Template talk:Spamming"><span title="Discussion about this template">d</span></a> <span style="font-size: 80%;">•</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Spamming&action=edit" class="external text" title="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Spamming&action=edit" rel="nofollow"><span style="color: rgb(0, 43, 184);" title="You can edit this template. Please use the preview button before saving.">e</span></a></div> </div> <span style="font-size: 110%;">This article is part of the <b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spam_%28electronic%29" title="Spam (electronic)">Spamming</a> series.</b></span></th> </tr> <tr> <th style="background: rgb(221, 221, 255) none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;">General</th> <td style="" colspan="1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_spamming" title="History of spamming">History of spamming</a> • <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_Abuse_Clearinghouse" title="Network Abuse Clearinghouse">Network Abuse Clearinghouse</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th style="background: rgb(221, 221, 255) none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E-mail_spam" title="E-mail spam">E-mail spam</a></th> <td style="background: rgb(238, 238, 238) none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;" colspan="1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNSBL" title="DNSBL">DNSBL</a> • <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Address_munging" title="Address munging">Address munging</a> • <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Directory_Harvest_Attack" title="Directory Harvest Attack">Directory Harvest Attack</a> • <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary_spamming" title="Dictionary spamming">Dictionary spamming</a> • <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spambot" title="Spambot">Spambot</a> • <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulk_email_software" title="Bulk email software">Bulk email software</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th style="background: rgb(221, 221, 255) none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;">Spam over other protocols</th> <td style="" colspan="1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autodialer" title="Autodialer">Autodialer</a> • <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flyposting" title="Flyposting">Flyposting</a>• <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Messaging_spam" title="Messaging spam">Messaging spam</a> • <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_phone_spam" title="Mobile phone spam">Mobile phone spam</a> • <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newsgroup_spam" title="Newsgroup spam">Newsgroup spam</a> • <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telemarketing" title="Telemarketing">Telemarketing</a> • <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VoIP_spam" title="VoIP spam">VoIP spam</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th style="background: rgb(221, 221, 255) none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-spam_techniques_%28e-mail%29" title="Anti-spam techniques (e-mail)">Anti-spam techniques</a></th> <td style="background: rgb(238, 238, 238) none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;" colspan="1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E-mail_authentication" title="E-mail authentication">E-mail authentication</a> • <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SpamCop" title="SpamCop">SpamCop</a> • <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Spamhaus_Project" title="The Spamhaus Project">Spamhaus</a> • <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disposable_email_address" title="Disposable email address">Disposable email address</a> • <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spam_and_Open_Relay_Blocking_System" title="Spam and Open Relay Blocking System">SORBS</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th style="background: rgb(221, 221, 255) none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spamdexing" title="Spamdexing">Spamdexing</a></th> <td style="" colspan="1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_bomb" title="Google bomb">Google bomb</a> • <strong class="selflink">Keyword stuffing</strong> • <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloaking" title="Cloaking">Cloaking</a> • <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/URL_redirection" title="URL redirection">URL redirection</a> • <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Link_farm" title="Link farm">Link farm</a> • <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Webring" title="Webring">Webring</a><br /><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Referer_spam" title="Referer spam">Referer spam</a> • <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spam_in_blogs" title="Spam in blogs">Blog spam</a> • <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spam_blog" title="Spam blog">Spam blogs</a> • <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sping" title="Sping">Sping</a> • <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scraper_site" title="Scraper site">Scraper site</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th style="background: rgb(221, 221, 255) none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_fraud" title="Internet fraud">Internet fraud</a></th> <td style="background: rgb(238, 238, 238) none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;" colspan="1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phishing" title="Phishing">Phishing</a> • <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vishing" title="Vishing">Vishing</a> • <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advance_fee_fraud" title="Advance fee fraud">Advance fee fraud</a> • <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lottery_scam" title="Lottery scam">Lottery scam</a> • <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Make_money_fast" title="Make money fast">Make money fast</a> • <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microcap_stock_fraud" title="Microcap stock fraud">Microcap stock fraud</a></td> </tr> </tbody></table> <p><br /></p> <table style="background-color: transparent;" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody><tr><td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Crystal_Clear_app_browser.png" class="image" title=""><img alt="" longdesc="/wiki/Image:Crystal_Clear_app_browser.png" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Crystal_Clear_app_browser.png/35px-Crystal_Clear_app_browser.png" height="35" width="35" /></a></td> <td><i> This <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Web" title="World Wide Web">World Wide Web</a>-related article is a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub" title="Wikipedia:Stub">stub</a>. You can help Wikipedia by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Keyword_stuffing&action=edit" class="external text" title="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Keyword_stuffing&action=edit" rel="nofollow">expanding it</a></i>.</td></tr></tbody></table><div class="blogger-post-footer"><script type="text/javascript"><!--
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In <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_English" title="British English">British English</a> it is generally known as a shopping basket, almost exclusively shortened on websites to 'basket'.</p> <p>The software allows <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Online_shop" title="Online shop">online shopping</a> customers to place items in the cart. Upon checkout, the software typically calculates a total for the order, including shipping and handling (i.e. postage and packing) charges and the associated taxes, as applicable.</p> <table id="toc" class="toc" summary="Contents"> <tbody><tr> <td> <div id="toctitle"> <h2>Contents</h2> <span class="toctoggle">[<a href="javascript:toggleToc()" class="internal" id="togglelink">hide</a>]</span></div> <ul><li class="toclevel-1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shopping_cart_software#Technical_definition"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Technical definition</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shopping_cart_software#Components"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Components</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shopping_cart_software#Licensed_vs._Hosted_options"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Licensed vs. Hosted options</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shopping_cart_software#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a> <ul><li class="toclevel-2"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shopping_cart_software#Free_software"><span class="tocnumber">4.1</span> <span class="toctext">Free software</span></a></li></ul> </li><li class="toclevel-1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shopping_cart_software#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li></ul> </td> </tr> </tbody></table> <script type="text/javascript"> //<![CDATA[ if (window.showTocToggle) { var tocShowText = "show"; var tocHideText = "hide"; showTocToggle(); } //]]> </script> <p><a name="Technical_definition" id="Technical_definition"></a></p> <h2><span class="editsection"></span><span class="mw-headline">Technical definition</span></h2> <p>These applications typically provide a means of capturing a client's payment information, but in the case of a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Credit_card" title="Credit card">credit card</a> they rely on the software module of the secure gateway provider, in conjunction with the secure <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Payment_gateway" title="Payment gateway">payment gateway</a>, in order to conduct secure credit card transactions online.</p> <p>Some setup must be done in the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTML" title="HTML">HTML</a> code of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Website" title="Website">website</a>, and the shopping cart software must be installed on the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Server_%28computing%29" title="Server (computing)">server</a> which hosts the site, or on the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secure_server" title="Secure server">secure server</a> which accepts sensitive ordering information. E-shopping carts are usually implemented using <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTTP_cookie" title="HTTP cookie">HTTP cookies</a> or <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Query_string" title="Query string">query strings</a>. In most server based implementations however, data related to the shopping cart is kept in the Session object and is accessed and manipulated on the fly, as the user selects different items from the cart. Later at the process of commit, the information is accessed and an order is generated against the selected item thus clearing the shopping cart.</p> <p>Although the most simple shopping carts strictly allow for an item to be added to a basket to start a checkout process (e.g. the free PayPal shopping cart), most shopping cart software actually provides additional features that an Internet merchant uses to fully manage an online store. Data (products, categories, discounts, orders, customers, etc.) is normally stored in a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Database" title="Database">database</a> and accessed in real time by the software.</p> <p><a name="Components" id="Components"></a></p> <h2><span class="editsection"></span> <span class="mw-headline">Components</span></h2> <p>Shopping cart software typically consists of two components:</p> <p><b>Storefront</b>: the area of the Web store that is accessed by visitors to the online shop. Category, product, and other pages (e.g. search, best sellers, etc.) are dynamically generated by the software based on the information saved in the store database.</p> <p><b>Administration</b>: the area of the Web store that is accessed by the merchant to manage the online shop. The amount of store management features changes depending on the sophistication of the shopping cart software, but in general a store manager is able to add and edit products, categories, discounts, shipping and payment settings, etc. Order management features are also included in many shopping cart programs.</p> <p><a name="Licensed_vs._Hosted_options" id="Licensed_vs._Hosted_options"></a></p> <h2><span class="editsection"></span><span class="mw-headline">Licensed vs. Hosted options</span></h2> <p>Shopping cart software can be generally categorized into two categories.</p> <p><b>Licensed software</b>: The software is downloaded and then installed on a Web server. This is most often associated with a one-time fee, although there are many free products available as well. The main advantages of this option are that the merchant owns a license and therefore can host it on any Web server that meets the server requirements, and that the source code can often be accessed and edited to customize the application.</p> <p><b>Hosted service</b>: The software is never downloaded, but rather is provided by a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hosted_service_provider" title="Hosted service provider">hosted service provider</a> and is generally paid for on a monthly/annual basis; also known as the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Application_service_provider" title="Application service provider">application service provider</a> (ASP) software model. Some of these services also charge a percentage of sales in addition to the monthly fee. This model often has predefined templates that a user can choose from to customize their look and feel. In this model users typically trade less ability to modify or customize the software with the advantage of having the vendor continuously keep the software up to date for security patches as well as adding new features.</p> <p><a name="See_also" id="See_also"></a></p> <h2><span class="editsection"></span> <span class="mw-headline">See also</span></h2> <ul><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shopping_cart" title="Shopping cart">Shopping cart</a></li><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Credit_card" title="Credit card">Credit card</a></li></ul> <p><a name="Free_software" id="Free_software"></a></p> <h3><span class="editsection"></span><span class="mw-headline">Free software</span></h3> <ul><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OsCommerce" title="OsCommerce">osCommerce</a></li><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zen_Cart" title="Zen Cart">Zen Cart</a></li><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ViArt_Shop" title="ViArt Shop">ViArt Shop</a></li></ul> <p><br /></p> <p><a name="External_links" id="External_links"></a></p> <h2><span class="editsection"></span><span class="mw-headline">External links</span></h2> <ul><li><a href="http://dmoz.org/Computers/Software/Business/E-Commerce/Shopping_Carts/" class="external text" title="http://dmoz.org/Computers/Software/Business/E-Commerce/Shopping_Carts/" rel="nofollow">Shopping Cart Software</a> at the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Directory_Project" title="Open Directory Project">Open Directory Project</a></li></ul><div class="blogger-post-footer"><script type="text/javascript"><!--
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</script></div>Anonymousnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-35317677.post-45035771465857733032007-08-04T21:12:00.000+07:002007-08-04T21:14:35.632+07:00Meta element<h3 id="siteSub"><span style="font-size:78%;">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</span></h3> <div id="contentSub">(Redirected from <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Meta_tag&redirect=no" title="Meta tag">Meta tag</a>)</div> <div id="jump-to-nav">Jump to: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meta_tag#column-one">navigation</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meta_tag#searchInput">search</a></div> <!-- start content --> <p><b>Meta elements</b> are <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTML_element" title="HTML element">HTML elements</a> used to provide structured <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metadata" title="Metadata">metadata</a> about a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_page" title="Web page">web page</a>. Such elements must be placed as tags in the <code>head</code> section of an <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTML" title="HTML">HTML</a> document.</p> <table id="toc" class="toc" summary="Contents"> <tbody><tr> <td> <div id="toctitle"> <h2>Contents</h2> <span class="toctoggle">[<a href="javascript:toggleToc()" class="internal" id="togglelink">hide</a>]</span></div> <ul><li class="toclevel-1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meta_tag#Meta_element_use_in_search_engine_optimization"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Meta element use in search engine optimization</span></a> <ul><li class="toclevel-2"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meta_tag#The_keywords_attribute"><span class="tocnumber">1.1</span> <span class="toctext">The keywords attribute</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-2"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meta_tag#The_description_attribute"><span class="tocnumber">1.2</span> <span class="toctext">The description attribute</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-2"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meta_tag#The_robots_attribute"><span class="tocnumber">1.3</span> <span class="toctext">The robots attribute</span></a> <ul><li class="toclevel-3"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meta_tag#Additional_attibutes_for_search_engines"><span class="tocnumber">1.3.1</span> <span class="toctext">Additional attibutes for search engines</span></a> <ul><li class="toclevel-4"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meta_tag#NOODP"><span class="tocnumber">1.3.1.1</span> <span class="toctext">NOODP</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-4"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meta_tag#NOYDIR"><span class="tocnumber">1.3.1.2</span> <span class="toctext">NOYDIR</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-4"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meta_tag#Robots-NoContent"><span class="tocnumber">1.3.1.3</span> <span class="toctext">Robots-NoContent</span></a></li></ul> </li></ul> </li><li class="toclevel-2"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meta_tag#Academic_studies"><span class="tocnumber">1.4</span> <span class="toctext">Academic studies</span></a></li></ul> </li><li class="toclevel-1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meta_tag#Meta_tags_use_in_social_bookmarking"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Meta tags use in social bookmarking</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meta_tag#Redirects"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Redirects</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meta_tag#HTTP_message_headers"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">HTTP message headers</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meta_tag#Alternative_to_meta_elements"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Alternative to meta elements</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meta_tag#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meta_tag#References"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meta_tag#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li></ul> </td> </tr> </tbody></table> <script type="text/javascript"> //<![CDATA[ if (window.showTocToggle) { var tocShowText = "show"; var tocHideText = "hide"; showTocToggle(); } //]]> </script> <p><a name="Meta_element_use_in_search_engine_optimization" id="Meta_element_use_in_search_engine_optimization"></a></p> <h2><span class="editsection"></span> <span class="mw-headline">Meta element use in search engine optimization</span></h2> <p>Meta elements provide information about a given webpage, most often to help search engines categorize them correctly. They are inserted into the HTML document, but are often not directly visible to a user visiting the site.</p> <p>They have been the focus of a field of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marketing" title="Marketing">marketing</a> research known as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Search_engine_optimization" title="Search engine optimization">search engine optimization</a> (SEO), where different methods are explored to provide a user's site with a higher ranking on search engines. In the mid to late 1990s, search engines were reliant on meta data to correctly classify a web page and webmasters quickly learned the commercial significance of having the right meta element, as it frequently led to a high ranking in the search engines — and thus, high traffic to the web site.</p> <p>As search engine traffic achieved greater significance in online marketing plans, consultants were brought in who were well versed in how search engines perceive a web site. These consultants used a variety of techniques (legitimate and otherwise) to improve ranking for their clients.</p> <p>Meta elements have significantly less effect on <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Search_engine_results_page" title="Search engine results page">search engine results pages</a> today than they did in the 1990's and their utility has decreased dramatically as search engine robots have become more sophisticated. This is due in part to the nearly infinite re-occurrence (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keyword_stuffing" title="Keyword stuffing">keyword stuffing</a>) of meta elements and/or to attempts by unscrupulous website placement consultants to manipulate (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spamdexing" title="Spamdexing">spamdexing</a>) or otherwise circumvent search engine ranking <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algorithms" title="Algorithms">algorithms</a>. While <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Search_engine_optimization" title="Search engine optimization">search engine optimization</a> can improve search engine ranking, consumers of such services should be careful to employ only reputable providers.</p> <p>Major search engine robots are more likely to quantify such factors as the volume of incoming links from related websites, quantity and quality of content, technical precision of source code, spelling, functional v. broken hyperlinks, volume and consistency of searches and/or viewer traffic, time within website, page views, revisits, click-throughs, technical user-features, uniqueness, redundancy, relevance, advertising revenue yield, freshness, geography, language and other intrinsic characteristics.</p> <p><a name="The_keywords_attribute" id="The_keywords_attribute"></a></p> <h3><span class="editsection"></span> <span class="mw-headline">The <code>keywords</code> attribute</span></h3> <p>The <code>keywords</code> attribute was popularized by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Search_engine" title="Search engine">search engines</a> such as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infoseek" title="Infoseek">Infoseek</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AltaVista" title="AltaVista">AltaVista</a> in 1995, and its popularity quickly grew until it became one of the most commonly used <code>meta</code> elements<sup id="_ref-0" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meta_tag#_note-0" title="">[1]</a></sup>. By late 1997, however, search engine providers realized that information stored in <code>meta</code> elements, especially the <code>keyword</code> attribute, was often unreliable and misleading, and at worst, used to draw users into spam sites. (Unscrupulous webmasters could easily place false <code>keywords</code> into their <code>meta</code> elements in order to draw people to their site.)</p> <p>Search engines began dropping support for metadata provided by the <code>meta</code> element in 1998, and by the early 2000s, most search engines had veered completely away from reliance on <code>meta</code> elements, and in July 2002 AltaVista, one of the last major search engines to still offer support, finally stopped considering them<sup id="_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meta_tag#_note-1" title="">[2]</a></sup>. The Director of Research at Google, Monika Henziger, was quoted (in 2002) as saying, "Currently we don't trust metadata"<sup id="_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meta_tag#_note-2" title="">[3]</a></sup>.</p> <p>No consensus exist whether or not the <code>keywords</code> attribute has any impact on ranking at any of the major search engine today. It is being speculated that they do, if the keywords used in the <code>meta</code> can be found in the page copy itself. 37 leaders in search engine optimization concluded in April 2007 that the relevance of having your keywords in the <code>meta</code> attribute <code>keywords</code> is little to none<sup id="_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meta_tag#_note-3" title="">[4]</a></sup>.</p> <p><a name="The_description_attribute" id="The_description_attribute"></a></p> <h3><span class="editsection"></span> <span class="mw-headline">The <code>description</code> attribute</span></h3> <p>Unlike the <code>keyword</code> attribute, the <code>description</code> attribute is supported by most major search engines, like <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yahoo" title="Yahoo">Yahoo</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Live_Search" title="Live Search">Live Search</a>, while <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google" title="Google">Google</a> will fall back on this tag when information about the page itself is requested (e.g. using the <tt>related:</tt> query). The <code>description</code> attribute provides a concise explanation of a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_page" title="Web page">web page</a>'s content. This allows the webpage authors to give a more meaningful description for listings than might be displayed if the search engine was to automatically create its own description based on the page content. The description is often, but not always, displayed on <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Search_engine_results_page" title="Search engine results page">search engine results pages</a>, so it can impact click-through rates. Industry commentators have <i>suggested</i> that major search engines also consider keywords located in the <code>description</code> attribute when ranking pages.<sup id="_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meta_tag#_note-4" title="">[5]</a></sup> W3C doesn't specify the size of this description meta tag, but almost all search engines recommend it to be shorter than 200 characters of plain text<sup class="noprint Template-Fact"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources since July 2007" style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i>citation needed</i>]</span></a></sup>.</p> <p><a name="The_robots_attribute" id="The_robots_attribute"></a></p> <h3><span class="editsection"></span><span class="mw-headline">The <code>robots</code> attribute</span></h3> <p>The <code>robots</code> attribute is used to control whether search engine spiders are allowed to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Search_engine_indexing" title="Search engine indexing">index</a> a page, or not, and whether they should follow links from a page, or not. The <code>noindex</code> value prevents a page from being indexed, and <code>nofollow</code> prevents links from being <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_crawler" title="Web crawler">crawled</a>. Other values are available that can influence how a search engine indexes pages, and how those pages appear on the search results. The <code>robots</code> attribute is supported by several major search engines <sup id="_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meta_tag#_note-5" title="">[6]</a></sup>. There are several additional values for the <code>robots</code> meta attribute that are relevant to search engines, such as <code>NOARCHIVE</code> and <code>NOSNIPPET</code>, which are meant to tell search engines what not to do with a web pages content. <sup id="_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meta_tag#_note-6" title="">[7]</a></sup>. Meta tags are not the best option to prevent search engines from indexing content of your website. A more reliable and efficient method is the use of the Robots.txt file (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robots_Exclusion_Standard" title="Robots Exclusion Standard">Robots Exclusion Standard</a>).</p> <p><a name="Additional_attibutes_for_search_engines" id="Additional_attibutes_for_search_engines"></a></p> <h4><span class="editsection"></span><span class="mw-headline">Additional attibutes for search engines</span></h4> <p><a name="NOODP" id="NOODP"></a></p> <h5><span class="editsection"></span> <span class="mw-headline">NOODP</span></h5> <p>The search engines <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google" title="Google">Google</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yahoo%21" title="Yahoo!">Yahoo!</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Live_Search" title="Live Search">MSN</a> use in some cases the title and abstract of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Directory_Project" title="Open Directory Project">Open Directory Project</a> (ODP) listing of a web site at Dmoz.org for the title and/or description (also called snippet or abstract) in the search engine results pages (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Search_engine_results_page" title="Search engine results page">SERPS</a>). To give <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Webmaster" title="Webmaster">webmasters</a> the option to specify that the ODP content should not be used for listings of their website, Microsoft introduced in May 2006 the new "<code>NOODP</code>" value for the "<code>robots</code>" element of the meta tags <sup id="_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meta_tag#_note-7" title="">[8]</a></sup>. Google followed in July 2006<sup id="_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meta_tag#_note-8" title="">[9]</a></sup> and Yahoo! in October 2006<sup id="_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meta_tag#_note-9" title="">[10]</a></sup>.</p> <p>The syntax is the same for all search engines who support the tag.</p> <p><code><meta name="ROBOTS" content="NOODP" ></code></p> <p>Webmasters can decide if they want to disallow the use of their ODP listing on a per search engine basis</p> <p><code>Google: <meta name="GOOGLEBOT" content="NOODP"></code></p> <p><code>Yahoo! <meta name="Slurp" content="NOODP"></code></p> <p><code>MSN and Live Search: <meta name="msnbot" content="NOODP"></code></p> <p><a name="NOYDIR" id="NOYDIR"></a></p> <h5><span class="editsection"></span> <span class="mw-headline">NOYDIR</span></h5> <p>Yahoo! also used next to the ODP listing the content from their own Yahoo! directory but introduced in February 2007 a meta tag that provides webmasters with the option to opt-out of this<sup id="_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meta_tag#_note-10" title="">[11]</a></sup>.</p> <p><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yahoo%21_Directory" title="Yahoo! Directory">Yahoo! Directory</a> titles and abstracts will not be used in search results for their pages if the <code>NOYDIR</code> tag is being added to a web page.</p> <p><code><meta name="ROBOTS" content="NOYDIR"></code></p> <p><code><meta name="Slurp" content="NOYDIR"></code></p> <p><a name="Robots-NoContent" id="Robots-NoContent"></a></p> <h5><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Meta_element&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Robots-NoContent">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline"><code>Robots-NoContent</code></span></h5> <p><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yahoo%21" title="Yahoo!">Yahoo!</a> also introduced in May 2007 the <code>"class=robots-nocontent"</code> tag.<sup id="_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meta_tag#_note-11" title="">[12]</a></sup> This is not a meta tag, but a tag, which can be used throughout a web page where needed. Content of the page where this tag is being used will be ignored by the Yahoo! crawler and not included in the search engine's index.</p> <p>Examples for the use of the <code>robots-nocontent</code> tag:</p> <p><code><div class="robots-nocontent">excluded content</div></code></p> <p><code><span class="robots-nocontent">excluded content</span></code></p> <p><code><p class="robots-nocontent">excluded content</p></code></p> <p><a name="Academic_studies" id="Academic_studies"></a></p> <h3><span class="editsection"></span><span class="mw-headline">Academic studies</span></h3> <p>Google does not use HTML keyword or metatag elements for indexing. The Director of Research at Google, Monika Henziger, was quoted (in 2002) as saying, "Currently we don't trust metadata" <sup id="_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meta_tag#_note-12" title="">[13]</a></sup>. Other search engines developed techniques to penalize web sites considered to be "cheating the system". For example, a web site repeating the same meta keyword several times may have its ranking <i>decreased</i> by a search engine trying to eliminate this practice, though that is unlikely. It's more likely that a search engine will ignore the meta keyword element completely, and most do regardless of how many words used in the element.</p> <p><a name="Meta_tags_use_in_social_bookmarking" id="Meta_tags_use_in_social_bookmarking"></a></p> <h2><span class="editsection"></span><span class="mw-headline">Meta tags use in social bookmarking</span></h2> <p>In contrast to completely automated systems like search engines, author-supplied metadata can be useful in situations where the page content has been vetted as trustworthy by a reader.</p> <p><a name="Redirects" id="Redirects"></a></p> <h2><span class="editsection"></span><span class="mw-headline">Redirects</span></h2> <p><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meta_refresh" title="Meta refresh">Meta refresh</a> elements can be used to instruct a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_browser" title="Web browser">web browser</a> to automatically refresh a web page after a given time interval. It is also possible to specify an alternative <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/URL" title="URL">URL</a> and use this technique in order to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/URL_redirection" title="URL redirection">redirect</a> the user to a different location. Using a meta refresh in this way and solely by itself rarely achieves the desired result. For Internet Explorer's security settings, under the miscellaneous category, meta refresh can be turned off by the user, thereby disabling its redirect ability entirely.</p> <p>Many web design tutorials also point out that client side redirecting tends to interfere with the normal functioning of a web browser's "back" button. After being redirected, clicking the back button will cause the user to go back to the redirect page, which redirects them again. Some modern browsers seem to overcome this problem however, including <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safari_%28web_browser%29" title="Safari (web browser)">Safari</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mozilla_Firefox" title="Mozilla Firefox">Mozilla Firefox</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opera_%28Internet_suite%29" title="Opera (Internet suite)">Opera</a>.</p> <p><a name="HTTP_message_headers" id="HTTP_message_headers"></a></p> <h2><span class="editsection"></span> <span class="mw-headline">HTTP message headers</span></h2> <p>Meta elements of the form <code><meta equiv="foo" content="bar"></code> can be used as alternatives to http headers. For example, <code><meta equiv="expires" content="Wed, 21 Jun 2006 14:25:27 GMT"></code> would tell the browser that the page "expires" on June 21 2006 14:25:27 GMT and that it may safely cache the page until then.</p> <p><a name="Alternative_to_meta_elements" id="Alternative_to_meta_elements"></a></p> <h2><span class="editsection"></span> <span class="mw-headline">Alternative to <code>meta</code> elements</span></h2> <p>An alternative to <code>meta</code> elements for enhanced subject access within a web site is the use of a back-of-book-style index for the web site. See examples at the web sites of the <a href="http://www.aussi.org/" class="external text" title="http://www.aussi.org" rel="nofollow">Australian Society of Indexers</a> and the <a href="http://www.asindexing.org/" class="external text" title="http://www.asindexing.org" rel="nofollow">American Society of Indexers</a>.</p> <p>In 1994, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aliweb" title="Aliweb">ALIWEB</a>, which was likely the first web search engine, also used an index file to provide the type of information commonly found in meta keywords attributes.</p> <p><a name="See_also" id="See_also"></a></p> <h2><span class="editsection"></span> <span class="mw-headline">See also</span></h2> <ul><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resource_Description_Framework" title="Resource Description Framework">Resource Description Framework</a> (RDF)</li></ul> <p><a name="References" id="References"></a></p> <h2><span class="editsection"></span><span class="mw-headline">References</span></h2> <ol class="references"><li id="_note-0"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meta_tag#_ref-0" title="">^</a></b> Statistic (June 4,1997), <a href="http://vancouver-webpages.com/META/bycount.shtml" class="external text" title="http://vancouver-webpages.com/META/bycount.shtml" rel="nofollow">META attributes by count</a>, <i>Vancouver Webpages</i>, retrieved June 3, 2007</li><li id="_note-1"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meta_tag#_ref-1" title="">^</a></b> Danny Sullivan (October 1, 2002), <a href="http://searchenginewatch.com/showPage.html?page=2165061" class="external text" title="http://searchenginewatch.com/showPage.html?page=2165061" rel="nofollow">Death Of A Meta Tag</a>, <i>SearchEngineWatch.com</i>, retrieved June 3, 2007</li><li id="_note-2"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meta_tag#_ref-2" title="">^</a></b> Journal of Internet Cataloging, Volume 5(1), 2002</li><li id="_note-3"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meta_tag#_ref-3" title="">^</a></b> Rand Fishkin (April 2, 2007), <a href="http://www.seomoz.org/article/search-ranking-factors" class="external text" title="http://www.seomoz.org/article/search-ranking-factors" rel="nofollow">Search Engine Ranking Factors V2</a>, <i>SEOmoz.org</i>, retrieved June 3, 2007</li><li id="_note-4"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meta_tag#_ref-4" title="">^</a></b> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danny_Sullivan_%28technologist%29" title="Danny Sullivan (technologist)">Danny Sullivan</a>, <a href="http://searchenginewatch.com/showPage.html?page=2167931" class="external text" title="http://searchenginewatch.com/showPage.html?page=2167931" rel="nofollow">How To Use HTML Meta Tags</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Search_Engine_Watch" title="Search Engine Watch">Search Engine Watch</a>, December 5, 2002</li><li id="_note-5"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meta_tag#_ref-5" title="">^</a></b> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanessa_Fox" title="Vanessa Fox">Vanessa Fox</a>, <a href="http://googlewebmastercentral.blogspot.com/2007/03/using-robots-meta-tag.html" class="external text" title="http://googlewebmastercentral.blogspot.com/2007/03/using-robots-meta-tag.html" rel="nofollow">Using the robots meta tag</a>, Official Google Webmaster Central Blog, 3/05/2007</li><li id="_note-6"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meta_tag#_ref-6" title="">^</a></b> Danny Sullivan (March 5, 2007),<a href="http://searchengineland.com/070305-204850.php" class="external text" title="http://searchengineland.com/070305-204850.php" rel="nofollow">Meta Robots Tag 101: Blocking Spiders, Cached Pages & More</a>, <i>SearchEngineLand.com</i>, retrieved June 3, 2007</li><li id="_note-7"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meta_tag#_ref-7" title="">^</a></b> Betsy Aoki (May 22, 2006), <a href="http://blogs.msdn.com/livesearch/archive/2006/05/22/603917.aspx" class="external text" title="http://blogs.msdn.com/livesearch/archive/2006/05/22/603917.aspx" rel="nofollow">Opting Out of Open Directory Listings for Webmasters</a>, <i>Live Search Blog</i>, retrieved June 3, 2007</li><li id="_note-8"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meta_tag#_ref-8" title="">^</a></b> Vanessa Fox (July 13, 2006), <a href="http://sitemaps.blogspot.com/2006/07/more-control-over-page-snippets.html" class="external text" title="http://sitemaps.blogspot.com/2006/07/more-control-over-page-snippets.html" rel="nofollow">More control over page snippets</a>, <i>Inside Google Sitemaps</i>, retrieved June 3, 2007</li><li id="_note-9"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meta_tag#_ref-9" title="">^</a></b> Yahoo! Search (October 24, 2006), <a href="http://www.ysearchblog.com/archives/000368.html" class="external text" title="http://www.ysearchblog.com/archives/000368.html" rel="nofollow">Yahoo! Search Weather Update and Support for 'NOODP'</a>, <i>Yahoo! Search Blog</i>, retrieved June 3, 2007</li><li id="_note-10"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meta_tag#_ref-10" title="">^</a></b> Yahoo! Search (February 28, 2007), <a href="http://www.ysearchblog.com/archives/000418.html" class="external text" title="http://www.ysearchblog.com/archives/000418.html" rel="nofollow">Yahoo! Search Support for 'NOYDIR' Meta Tags and Weather Update</a>, <i>Yahoo! Search Blog</i>, retrieved June 3, 2007</li><li id="_note-11"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meta_tag#_ref-11" title="">^</a></b> Yahoo! Search (May 02, 2007), <a href="http://www.ysearchblog.com/archives/000444.html" class="external text" title="http://www.ysearchblog.com/archives/000444.html" rel="nofollow">Introducing Robots-Nocontent for Page Sections</a>, <i>Yahoo! Search Blog</i>, retrieved June 3, 2007</li><li id="_note-12"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meta_tag#_ref-12" title="">^</a></b> Journal of Internet Cataloging, Volume 5(1), 2002</li></ol> <p><a name="External_links" id="External_links"></a></p> <h2><span class="editsection"></span><span class="mw-headline">External links</span></h2> <ul><li><a href="http://www.destructivechaos.com/metaGen" class="external text" title="http://www.destructivechaos.com/metaGen" rel="nofollow">PHP META Tag Generator</a></li><li><a href="http://www.abramex.com/" class="external text" title="http://www.abramex.com/" rel="nofollow">Search Engine Friendly Keyword Generator</a></li><li><a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-html40/struct/global.html#h-7.4.4" class="external text" title="http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-html40/struct/global.html#h-7.4.4" rel="nofollow">HTML 4.01 Specification: Meta data</a></li><li><a href="http://www.metataggenerator.eu/meta-tag-generator/index.php" class="external text" title="http://www.metataggenerator.eu/meta-tag-generator/index.php" rel="nofollow">Meta tag generator</a></li><li><a href="http://www.geo-tag.de/generator" class="external text" title="http://www.geo-tag.de/generator" rel="nofollow">Geo tag generator</a></li><li><a href="http://www.gonet.com.tr/keyword" class="external text" title="http://www.gonet.com.tr/keyword" rel="nofollow">Google keyword ranking</a></li><li><a href="http://external-file.com/en/meta_tag_generator.html" class="external text" title="http://external-file.com/en/meta_tag_generator.html" rel="nofollow">Meta tag is created in JavaScript</a></li><li><a href="http://searchenginewatch.com/sereport/article.php/2165061" class="external text" title="http://searchenginewatch.com/sereport/article.php/2165061" rel="nofollow">Death of a meta tag</a></li><li><a href="http://www.seopedia.org/internet-marketing-and-seo/html-meta-description-tag/" class="external text" title="http://www.seopedia.org/internet-marketing-and-seo/html-meta-description-tag/" rel="nofollow">Meta Description Tag - Best practices</a></li><li><a href="http://cdlr.strath.ac.uk/pubs/dawsona/ad200503.htm" class="external text" title="http://cdlr.strath.ac.uk/pubs/dawsona/ad200503.htm" rel="nofollow">Optimising metadata to make high-value content more accessible to Google users</a></li><li><a href="http://www.accessibility101.org.uk/websitedesign101/definitivemetatags.htm" class="external text" title="http://www.accessibility101.org.uk/websitedesign101/definitivemetatags.htm" rel="nofollow">The definitive guide to using the important meta tags</a></li><li><a href="http://www.webmarketingnow.com/tips/meta-tags-uncovered.html" class="external text" title="http://www.webmarketingnow.com/tips/meta-tags-uncovered.html" rel="nofollow">Meta Tags Explained</a></li><li><a href="http://www.webmasterwebtools.com/meta-tag-extractor/" class="external text" title="http://www.webmasterwebtools.com/meta-tag-extractor/" rel="nofollow">Meta Tag Extractor</a></li><li><a href="http://www.submititright.com/MetaTagGenerator.htm" class="external text" title="http://www.submititright.com/MetaTagGenerator.htm" rel="nofollow">Free Meta Tag Generator</a></li></ul><div class="blogger-post-footer"><script type="text/javascript"><!--
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</script></div>Anonymousnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-35317677.post-77525802740427011222007-08-04T21:11:00.001+07:002007-08-04T21:12:40.101+07:00PageRank<h3 id="siteSub"><span style="font-size:78%;">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</span></h3> <div id="jump-to-nav">Jump to: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PageRank#column-one">navigation</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PageRank#searchInput">search</a></div> <!-- start content --> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width: 182px;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Linkstruct2.svg" class="internal" title="How PageRank Works"><img alt="How PageRank Works" longdesc="/wiki/Image:Linkstruct2.svg" class="thumbimage" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Linkstruct2.svg/180px-Linkstruct2.svg.png" height="165" width="180" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify" style="float: right;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Linkstruct2.svg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"><img src="http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" alt="" height="11" width="15" /></a></div> How PageRank Works</div> </div> </div> <p><b>PageRank</b> is a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Link_analysis" title="Link analysis">link analysis</a> algorithm that assigns a numerical weighting to each element of a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperlink" title="Hyperlink">hyperlinked</a> set of documents, such as the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Web" title="World Wide Web">World Wide Web</a>, with the purpose of "measuring" its relative importance within the set. The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algorithm" title="Algorithm">algorithm</a> may be applied to any collection of entities with <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reciprocal" title="Reciprocal">reciprocal</a> quotations and references. The numerical weight that it assigns to any given element <i>E</i> is also called the <i>PageRank of E</i> and denoted by <span class="texhtml"><i>P</i><i>R</i>(<i>E</i>)</span>.</p> <p>PageRank was developed at <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanford_University" title="Stanford University">Stanford University</a> by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larry_Page" title="Larry Page">Larry Page</a> (hence the name <i>Page</i>-Rank<sup id="_ref-0" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PageRank#_note-0" title="">[1]</a></sup>) and later <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergey_Brin" title="Sergey Brin">Sergey Brin</a> as part of a research project about a new kind of search engine. The project started in 1995 and led to a functional prototype, named Google, in 1998. Shortly after, Page and Brin founded <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Inc." title="Google Inc.">Google Inc.</a>, the company behind the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_search" title="Google search">Google search</a> engine. While just one of many factors which determine the ranking of Google search results, PageRank continues to provide the basis for all of Google's web search tools.<sup id="_ref-googletechnology_0" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PageRank#_note-googletechnology" title="">[2]</a></sup></p> <p>The name PageRank is a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trademark" title="Trademark">trademark</a> of Google. The PageRank process has been <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patent" title="Patent">patented</a> (<a href="http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?patentnumber=6285999" class="external text" title="http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?patentnumber=6285999" rel="nofollow">U.S. Patent 6,285,999</a><span class="PDFlink noprint"><a href="http://www.pat2pdf.org/pat2pdf/foo.pl?number=6285999" class="external text" title="http://www.pat2pdf.org/pat2pdf/foo.pl?number=6285999" rel="nofollow"> </a></span>). The patent is not assigned to Google but to Stanford University.</p> <table id="toc" class="toc" summary="Contents"> <tbody><tr> <td> <div id="toctitle"> <h2>Contents</h2> <span class="toctoggle">[<a href="javascript:toggleToc()" class="internal" id="togglelink">hide</a>]</span></div> <ul><li class="toclevel-1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PageRank#General_description"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">General description</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PageRank#PageRank_algorithm"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">PageRank algorithm</span></a> <ul><li class="toclevel-2"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PageRank#Simplified_PageRank_algorithm"><span class="tocnumber">2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Simplified PageRank algorithm</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-2"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PageRank#PageRank_algorithm_including_damping_factor"><span class="tocnumber">2.2</span> <span class="toctext">PageRank algorithm including damping factor</span></a></li></ul> </li><li class="toclevel-1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PageRank#PageRank_variations"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">PageRank variations</span></a> <ul><li class="toclevel-2"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PageRank#Google_Toolbar"><span class="tocnumber">3.1</span> <span class="toctext">Google Toolbar</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-2"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PageRank#Google_directory_PageRank"><span class="tocnumber">3.2</span> <span class="toctext">Google directory PageRank</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-2"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PageRank#False_or_spoofed_PageRank"><span class="tocnumber">3.3</span> <span class="toctext">False or spoofed PageRank</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-2"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PageRank#Manipulating_PageRank"><span class="tocnumber">3.4</span> <span class="toctext">Manipulating PageRank</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-2"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PageRank#Other_uses_of_PageRank"><span class="tocnumber">3.5</span> <span class="toctext">Other uses of PageRank</span></a></li></ul> </li><li class="toclevel-1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PageRank#Google.27s_.22rel.3D.27nofollow.27.22_proposal"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Google's "rel='nofollow'" proposal</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PageRank#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PageRank#References"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PageRank#Further_reading"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">Further reading</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PageRank#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li></ul> </td> </tr> </tbody></table> <script type="text/javascript"> //<![CDATA[ if (window.showTocToggle) { var tocShowText = "show"; var tocHideText = "hide"; showTocToggle(); } //]]> </script> <p><a name="General_description" id="General_description"></a></p> <h2><span class="editsection"></span> <span class="mw-headline">General description</span></h2> <p>Google describes PageRank:<sup id="_ref-googletechnology_1" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PageRank#_note-googletechnology" title="">[2]</a></sup></p> <table style="border-style: none; border-collapse: collapse; background-color: transparent;" class="cquote" align="center"> <tbody><tr> <td style="padding: 10px; color: rgb(178, 183, 242); font-size: 35px; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-weight: bold; text-align: left;" valign="top" width="20">“</td> <td style="padding: 4px 10px;" valign="top">PageRank relies on the uniquely democratic nature of the web by using its vast link structure as an indicator of an individual page's value. In essence, Google interprets a link from page A to page B as a vote, by page A, for page B. But, Google looks at more than the sheer volume of votes, or links a page receives; it also analyzes the page that casts the vote. Votes cast by pages that are themselves "important" weigh more heavily and help to make other pages "important".</td> <td style="padding: 10px; color: rgb(178, 183, 242); font-size: 36px; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-weight: bold; text-align: right;" valign="bottom" width="20">”</td> </tr> </tbody></table> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width: 242px;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:PageRank-byFML.gif" class="internal" title="A graphical representation of a web of links between sites used for PageRank calculations."><img alt="A graphical representation of a web of links between sites used for PageRank calculations." longdesc="/wiki/Image:PageRank-byFML.gif" class="thumbimage" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/PageRank-byFML.gif/240px-PageRank-byFML.gif" height="161" width="240" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify" style="float: right;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:PageRank-byFML.gif" class="internal" title="Enlarge"><img src="http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" alt="" height="11" width="15" /></a></div> A graphical representation of a web of links between sites used for PageRank calculations.</div> </div> </div> <p>In other words, a PageRank results from a "ballot" among all the other pages on the World Wide Web about how important a page is. A hyperlink to a page counts as a vote of support. The PageRank of a page is defined <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recursion" title="Recursion">recursively</a> and depends on the number and PageRank metric of all pages that link to it ("<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incoming_link" title="Incoming link">incoming links</a>"). A page that is linked to by many pages with high PageRank receives a high rank itself. If there are no links to a web page there is no support for that page.</p> <p>Google assigns a numeric weighting from 0-10 for each webpage on the Internet; this PageRank denotes your site’s importance in the eyes of Google. The scale for PageRank is <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logarithmic" title="Logarithmic">logarithmic</a> like the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richter_Scale" title="Richter Scale">Richter Scale</a> and roughly based upon quantity of inbound links as well as importance of the page providing the link.</p> <p>Numerous academic papers concerning PageRank have been published since Page and Brin's original paper.<sup id="_ref-originalpaper_0" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PageRank#_note-originalpaper" title="">[3]</a></sup> In practice, the PageRank concept has proven to be vulnerable to manipulation, and extensive research has been devoted to identifying falsely inflated PageRank and ways to ignore links from documents with falsely inflated PageRank.</p> <p>Alternatives to the PageRank algorithm include the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HITS_algorithm" title="HITS algorithm">HITS algorithm</a> proposed by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jon_Kleinberg" title="Jon Kleinberg">Jon Kleinberg</a>, the IBM <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CLEVER_project" title="CLEVER project">CLEVER project</a> and the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TrustRank" title="TrustRank">TrustRank</a> algorithm.</p> <p><a name="PageRank_algorithm" id="PageRank_algorithm"></a></p> <h2><span class="editsection"></span> <span class="mw-headline">PageRank algorithm</span></h2> <p>PageRank is a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Probability_distribution" title="Probability distribution">probability distribution</a> used to represent the likelihood that a person randomly clicking on links will arrive at any particular page. PageRank can be calculated for any-size collection of documents. It is assumed in several research papers that the distribution is evenly divided between all documents in the collection at the beginning of the computational process. The PageRank computations require several passes, called "iterations", through the collection to adjust approximate PageRank values to more closely reflect the theoretical true value.</p> <p>A probability is expressed as a numeric value between 0 and 1. A 0.5 probability is commonly expressed as a "50% chance" of something happening. Hence, a PageRank of 0.5 means there is a 50% chance that a person clicking on a random link will be directed to the document with the 0.5 PageRank.</p> <p><a name="Simplified_PageRank_algorithm" id="Simplified_PageRank_algorithm"></a></p> <h3><span class="editsection"></span><span class="mw-headline">Simplified PageRank algorithm</span></h3> <p>Assume a small universe of four web pages: <b>A</b>, <b>B</b>, <b>C</b> and <b>D</b>. The initial approximation of PageRank would be evenly divided between these four documents. Hence, each document would begin with an estimated PageRank of 0.25.</p> <p>If pages <b>B</b>, <b>C</b>, and <b>D</b> each only link to <b>A</b>, they would each confer 0.25 PageRank to <b>A</b>. All PageRank <b>PR( )</b> in this simplistic system would thus gather to <b>A</b> because all links would be pointing to <b>A</b>.</p> <dl><dd><img class="tex" alt="PR(A)= PR(B) + PR(C) + PR(D).\," src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/math/3/2/d/32d474c0957cfa862e9fb93723a6254a.png" /></dd></dl> <p>But then suppose page <b>B</b> also has a link to page <b>C</b>, and page <b>D</b> has links to all three pages. The <i>value of the link-votes is divided among all the outbound links on a page</i>. Thus, page <b>B</b> gives a vote worth 0.125 to page <b>A</b> and a vote worth 0.125 to page <b>C</b>. Only one third of <b>D</b>'s PageRank is counted for A's PageRank (approximately 0.083).</p> <dl><dd><img class="tex" alt="PR(A)= \frac{PR(B)}{2}+ \frac{PR(C)}{1}+ \frac{PR(D)}{3}.\," src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/math/0/1/2/012e0ce7d92e50f7bbdd8675166987a0.png" /></dd></dl> <p>In other words, the PageRank conferred by an outbound link <b>L( )</b> is equal to the document's own PageRank score divided by the normalized number of outbound links (it is assumed that links to specific URLs only count once per document).</p> <dl><dd><img class="tex" alt="PR(A)= \frac{PR(B)}{L(B)}+ \frac{PR(C)}{L(C)}+ \frac{PR(D)}{L(D)}. \," src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/math/f/8/4/f84534849f09191b1e145152404ceb6e.png" /></dd></dl> <p>In the general case, the PageRank value for any page <b>u</b> can be expressed as:</p> <dl><dd><img class="tex" alt="PR(u) = \sum_{v \in B_u} \frac{PR(v)}{N_v}" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/math/f/9/d/f9d0f4743b604c51cc7622d7a6296cf4.png" />,</dd></dl> <p>i.e. the PageRank value for a page <b>u</b> is dependent on the PageRank values for each page <b>v</b> out of the set <b>B<sub>u</sub></b> (this set contains all pages linking to page <b>u</b>), divided by the number of links from page <b>v</b> (this is N<sub>v</sub>).</p> <p><a name="PageRank_algorithm_including_damping_factor" id="PageRank_algorithm_including_damping_factor"></a></p> <h3><span class="editsection"></span> <span class="mw-headline">PageRank algorithm including damping factor</span></h3> <p>The PageRank theory holds that even an imaginary surfer who is randomly clicking on links will eventually stop clicking. The probability, at any step, that the person will continue is a damping factor <i>d</i>. Various studies have tested different damping factors, but it is generally assumed that the damping factor will be set around 0.85.<sup id="_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PageRank#_note-1" title="">[4]</a></sup></p> <p>The damping factor is subtracted from 1 (and in some variations of the algorithm, the result is divided by the number of documents in the collection) and this term is then added to the product of (the damping factor and the sum of the incoming PageRank scores).</p> <p>That is,</p> <dl><dd><img class="tex" alt="PR(A)= 1 - d + d \left( \frac{PR(B)}{L(B)}+ \frac{PR(C)}{L(C)}+ \frac{PR(D)}{L(D)}+\,\cdots \right)" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/math/1/d/c/1dc89801a24868f1635cd107dfbcbbae.png" /></dd></dl> <p>or (<i>N</i> = the number of documents in collection)</p> <dl><dd><img class="tex" alt="PR(A)= {1 - d \over N} + d \left( \frac{PR(B)}{L(B)}+ \frac{PR(C)}{L(C)}+ \frac{PR(D)}{L(D)}+\,\cdots \right) ." src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/math/5/c/9/5c9a6cc4c1381791153f64891d34b00e.png" /></dd></dl> <p>So any page's PageRank is derived in large part from the PageRanks of other pages. The damping factor adjusts the derived value downward. The second formula above supports the original statement in Page and Brin's paper that "the sum of all PageRanks is one".<sup id="_ref-originalpaper_1" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PageRank#_note-originalpaper" title="">[3]</a></sup> Unfortunately, however, Page and Brin gave the first formula, which has led to some confusion.</p> <p>Google recalculates PageRank scores each time it crawls the Web and rebuilds its index. As Google increases the number of documents in its collection, the initial approximation of PageRank decreases for all documents.</p> <p>The formula uses a model of a <i>random surfer</i> who gets bored after several clicks and switches to a random page. The PageRank value of a page reflects the chance that the random surfer will land on that page by clicking on a link. It can be understood as a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markov_chain" title="Markov chain">Markov chain</a> in which the states are pages, and the transitions are all equally probable and are the links between pages.</p> <p>If a page has no links to other pages, it becomes a sink and therefore terminates the random surfing process. However, the solution is quite simple. If the random surfer arrives at a sink page, it picks another <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/URL" title="URL">URL</a> at random and continues surfing again.</p> <p>When calculating PageRank, pages with no outbound links are assumed to link out to all other pages in the collection. Their PageRank scores are therefore divided evenly among all other pages. In other words, to be fair with pages that are not sinks, these random transitions are added to all nodes in the Web, with a residual probability of usually <i>d</i> = 0.85, estimated from the frequency that an average surfer uses his or her browser's bookmark feature.</p> <p>So, the equation is as follows:</p> <dl><dd><img class="tex" alt="PR(p_i) = \frac{1-d}{N} + d \sum_{p_j \in M(p_i)} \frac{PR (p_j)}{L(p_j)}" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/math/8/0/1/80125f33d12ceb608fdb9daec09d9c10.png" /></dd></dl> <p>where <span class="texhtml"><i>p</i><sub>1</sub>,<i>p</i><sub>2</sub>,...,<i>p</i><sub><i>N</i></sub></span> are the pages under consideration, <span class="texhtml"><i>M</i>(<i>p</i><sub><i>i</i></sub>)</span> is the set of pages that link to <span class="texhtml"><i>p</i><sub><i>i</i></sub></span>, <span class="texhtml"><i>L</i>(<i>p</i><sub><i>j</i></sub>)</span> is the number of outbound links on page <span class="texhtml"><i>p</i><sub><i>j</i></sub></span>, and <i>N</i> is the total number of pages.</p> <p>The PageRank values are the entries of the dominant <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eigenvector" title="Eigenvector">eigenvector</a> of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modified_adjacency_matrix" title="Modified adjacency matrix">modified adjacency matrix</a>. This makes PageRank a particularly elegant metric: the eigenvector is</p> <dl><dd><img class="tex" alt="\mathbf{R} = \begin{bmatrix} PR(p_1) \\ PR(p_2) \\ \vdots \\ PR(p_N) \end{bmatrix}" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/math/8/3/b/83bef20457b3924d0a8a5bcd19fb5181.png" /></dd></dl> <p>where <b>R</b> is the solution of the equation</p> <dl><dd><img class="tex" alt="\mathbf{R} = \begin{bmatrix} {(1-d)/ N} \\ {(1-d) / N} \\ \vdots \\ {(1-d) / N} \end{bmatrix} + d \begin{bmatrix} \ell(p_1,p_1) & \ell(p_1,p_2) & \cdots & \ell(p_1,p_N) \\ \ell(p_2,p_1) & \ddots & & \vdots \\ \vdots & & \ell(p_i,p_j) & \\ \ell(p_N,p_1) & \cdots & & \ell(p_N,p_N) \end{bmatrix} \mathbf{R}" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/math/a/0/e/a0e11cd17235ba8f80701fe365b9790f.png" /></dd></dl> <p>where the adjacency function <img class="tex" alt="\ell(p_i,p_j)" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/math/1/6/f/16fea48a55ae38596a244daacd999cb5.png" /> is 0 if page <span class="texhtml"><i>p</i><sub><i>j</i></sub></span> does not link to <span class="texhtml"><i>p</i><sub><i>i</i></sub></span>, and normalised such that, for each <i>j</i></p> <dl><dd><img class="tex" alt="\sum_{i = 1}^N \ell(p_i,p_j) = 1," src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/math/e/b/f/ebf7c0a19a6609a98f453c14873536ea.png" /></dd></dl> <p>i.e. the elements of each column sum up to 1.</p> <p>This is a variant of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eigenvector_centrality" title="Eigenvector centrality">eigenvector centrality</a> measure used commonly in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_analysis" title="Network analysis">network analysis</a>.</p> <p>The values of the PageRank eigenvector are fast to approximate (only a few iterations are needed) and in practice it gives good results.</p> <p>As a result of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markov_process" title="Markov process">Markov theory</a>, it can be shown that the PageRank of a page is the probability of being at that page after lots of clicks. This happens to equal <span class="texhtml"><i>t</i> <sup>− 1</sup></span> where <span class="texhtml"><i>t</i></span> is the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expected_value" title="Expected value">expectation</a> of the number of clicks (or random jumps) required to get from the page back to itself.</p> <p>The main disadvantage is that it favors older pages, because a new page, even a very good one, will not have many links unless it is part of an existing site (a site being a densely connected set of pages, such as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a>). The Google Directory (itself a derivative of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Directory_Project" title="Open Directory Project">Open Directory Project</a>) allows users to see results sorted by PageRank within categories. The Google Directory is the only service offered by Google where PageRank directly determines display order. In Google's other search services (such as its primary Web search) PageRank is used to weight the relevance scores of pages shown in search results.</p> <p>Several strategies have been proposed to accelerate the computation of PageRank.<sup id="_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PageRank#_note-2" title="">[5]</a></sup></p> <p>Various strategies to manipulate PageRank have been employed in concerted efforts to improve search results rankings and monetize advertising links. These strategies have severely impacted the reliability of the PageRank concept, which seeks to determine which documents are actually highly valued by the Web community.</p> <p>Google is known to actively penalize <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Link_farm" title="Link farm">link farms</a> and other schemes designed to artificially inflate PageRank. How Google identifies link farms and other PageRank manipulation tools are among Google's <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_secret" title="Trade secret">trade secrets</a>.</p> <p><a name="PageRank_variations" id="PageRank_variations"></a></p> <h2><span class="editsection"></span><span class="mw-headline">PageRank variations</span></h2> <p><a name="Google_Toolbar" id="Google_Toolbar"></a></p> <h3><span class="editsection"></span><span class="mw-headline">Google Toolbar</span></h3> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width: 368px;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Pagerank.PNG" class="internal" title="An example of the PageRank indicator as found on the Google toolbar."><img alt="An example of the PageRank indicator as found on the Google toolbar." longdesc="/wiki/Image:Pagerank.PNG" class="thumbimage" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7c/Pagerank.PNG" height="48" width="366" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption">An example of the PageRank indicator as found on the Google toolbar.</div> </div> </div> <p>The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Toolbar" title="Google Toolbar">Google Toolbar</a>'s PageRank feature displays a visited page's PageRank as a whole number between 0 and 10. The most popular websites have a PageRank of 10. The least have a PageRank of 0. Google has not disclosed the precise method for determining a Toolbar PageRank value. Google representative <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matt_Cutts" title="Matt Cutts">Matt Cutts</a> has publicly indicated that the Toolbar PageRank values are republished about once every three months, indicating that the Toolbar PageRank values are historical rather than real-time values.<sup id="_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PageRank#_note-3" title="">[6]</a></sup></p> <p><a name="Google_directory_PageRank" id="Google_directory_PageRank"></a></p> <h3><span class="editsection"></span><span class="mw-headline">Google directory PageRank</span></h3> <p>The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Google_products#Search" title="List of Google products">Google Directory</a> PageRank is an 8-unit measurement. These values can be viewed in the Google Directory. Unlike the Google Toolbar which shows the PageRank value by a mouseover of the greenbar, the Google Directory does not show the PageRank as a numeric value but only as a green bar.</p> <p><a name="False_or_spoofed_PageRank" id="False_or_spoofed_PageRank"></a></p> <h3><span class="editsection"></span> <span class="mw-headline">False or spoofed PageRank</span></h3> <p>While the PR shown in the Toolbar is considered to be derived from an accurate PageRank value (at some time prior to the time of publication by Google) for most sites, it must be noted that this value is also easily manipulated. A current flaw is that any low PageRank page that is redirected, via a 302 server header or a "Refresh" <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meta_tag" title="Meta tag">meta tag</a>, to a high PR page causes the lower PR page to acquire the PR of the destination page. In theory a new, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PR0" title="PR0">PR0</a> page with no incoming links can be redirected to the Google home page - which is a PR 10 - and by the next PageRank update the PR of the new page will be upgraded to a PR10. This spoofing technique, also known as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/302_Google_Jacking" title="302 Google Jacking">302 Google Jacking</a>, is a known failing or bug in the system. Any page's PR can be spoofed to a higher or lower number of the webmaster's choice and only Google has access to the real PR of the page. Spoofing is generally detected by running a Google search for a URL with questionable PR, as the results will display the URL of an entirely different site (the one redirected to) in its results.</p> <p><a name="Manipulating_PageRank" id="Manipulating_PageRank"></a></p> <h3><span class="editsection"></span> <span class="mw-headline">Manipulating PageRank</span></h3> <p>For <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Search_engine_optimization" title="Search engine optimization">search-engine optimization</a> purposes, some companies, such as Text Link Brokers, offer to sell high PageRank links to webmasters.<sup id="_ref-Cutts-0414_0" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PageRank#_note-Cutts-0414" title="">[7]</a></sup> As links from higher-PR pages are believed to be more valuable, they tend to be more expensive. It can be an effective and viable marketing strategy to buy link advertisements on content pages of quality and relevant sites to drive traffic and increase a webmaster's link popularity. However, Google has publicly warned webmasters that if they are or were discovered to be selling links for the purpose of conferring PageRank and reputation, their links will be devalued (ignored in the calculation of other pages' PageRanks). The practice of buying and selling links is intensely debated across the Webmastering community. Google advises webmasters to use the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nofollow" title="Nofollow">nofollow</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTML" title="HTML">HTML</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attribute_%28computing%29" title="Attribute (computing)">attribute</a> value on sponsored links. According to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matt_Cutts" title="Matt Cutts">Matt Cutts</a>, Google is concerned about webmasters who try to game the system, and thereby reduce the quality of Google search results.<sup id="_ref-Cutts-0414_1" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PageRank#_note-Cutts-0414" title="">[7]</a></sup></p> <p><a name="Other_uses_of_PageRank" id="Other_uses_of_PageRank"></a></p> <h3><span class="editsection"></span><span class="mw-headline">Other uses of PageRank</span></h3> <p>A version of PageRank has recently been proposed as a replacement for the traditional ISI <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_factor" title="Impact factor">impact factor</a>,<sup id="_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PageRank#_note-4" title="">[8]</a></sup> and implemented at <a href="http://www.eigenfactor.org/" class="external text" title="http://www.eigenfactor.org" rel="nofollow">eigenfactor.org</a>. Instead of merely counting total citation to a journal, the "importance" of each citation is determined in a PageRank fashion.</p> <p>PageRank has also been used to automatically rank <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WordNet" title="WordNet">WordNet</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synsets" title="Synsets">synsets</a> according to how strongly they possess a given semantic property, such as positivity or negativity.<sup id="_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PageRank#_note-5" title="">[9]</a></sup></p> <p>A similar new use of PageRank is to rank academic doctoral programs based on their records of placing their graduates in faculty positions. In PageRank terms, academic departments link to each other by hiring their faculty from each other (and from themselves).<sup id="_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PageRank#_note-6" title="">[10]</a></sup></p> <p>A dynamic weighting method similar to PageRank has been used to generate <a href="http://www.wikiosity.com/" class="external text" title="http://www.wikiosity.com" rel="nofollow">customized reading lists</a> based on the link structure of Wikipedia.<sup id="_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PageRank#_note-7" title="">[11]</a></sup></p> <p>A <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_crawler" title="Web crawler">Web crawler</a> may use PageRank as one of a number of importance metrics it uses to determine which URL to visit next during a crawl of the web. One of the early working papers<sup id="_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PageRank#_note-8" title="">[12]</a></sup> which were used in the creation of Google is <i>Efficient crawling through URL ordering</i>,<sup id="_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PageRank#_note-9" title="">[13]</a></sup> which discusses the use of a number of different importance metrics to determine how deeply, and how much of a site Google will crawl. PageRank is presented as one of a number of these importance metrics, though there are others listed such as the number of inbound and outbound links for a URL, and the distance from the root directory on a site to the URL.</p> <p><a name="Google.27s_.22rel.3D.27nofollow.27.22_proposal" id="Google.27s_.22rel.3D.27nofollow.27.22_proposal"></a></p> <h2><span class="editsection"></span> <span class="mw-headline">Google's "rel='nofollow'" proposal</span></h2> <p>In early 2005, Google implemented a new value, "nofollow", for the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rel" title="Rel">rel</a> attribute of HTML link and anchor elements, so that website builders and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloggers" title="Bloggers">bloggers</a> can make links that Google will not consider for the purposes of PageRank — they are links that no longer constitute a "vote" in the PageRank system. The nofollow relationship was added in an attempt to help combat <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spamdexing" title="Spamdexing">spamdexing</a>.</p> <p>As an example, people could create many message-board posts with links to their website to artificially inflate their PageRank. Now, however, the message-board administrator can modify the code to automatically insert "rel='nofollow'" to all hyperlinks in posts, thus preventing PageRank from being affected by those particular posts.</p> <p>This method of avoidance, however, also has various drawbacks, such as reducing the link value of actual comments. (See: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spam_in_blogs#rel.3D.22nofollow.22" title="Spam in blogs">Spam in blogs#rel="nofollow"</a>)</p> <p><a name="See_also" id="See_also"></a></p> <h2><span class="editsection"></span> <span class="mw-headline">See also</span></h2> <ul><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hilltop_algorithm" title="Hilltop algorithm">Hilltop algorithm</a></li><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google%27s_hoaxes#2002:_Pigeon_Rank" title="Google's hoaxes">PigeonRank</a></li><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TrustRank" title="TrustRank">TrustRank</a></li><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_method" title="Power method">Power method</a> — the iterative eigenvector algorithm used to calculate PageRank</li><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PR0" title="PR0">PR0</a></li><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_bomb" title="Google bomb">Google bomb</a></li><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EigenTrust" title="EigenTrust">EigenTrust</a> — a decentralized PageRank algorithm</li><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Search_engine_optimization" title="Search engine optimization">Search engine optimization</a></li></ul> <p><a name="References" id="References"></a></p> <h2><span class="editsection"></span> <span class="mw-headline">References</span></h2> <div class="references-small" style="-moz-column-count: 2;"> <ol class="references"><li id="_note-0"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PageRank#_ref-0" title="">^</a></b> <cite class="book">David Vise and Mark Malseed (2005). <i><a href="http://www.thegooglestory.com/" class="external text" title="http://www.thegooglestory.com/" rel="nofollow">The Google Story</a></i>, 37. ISBN <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Booksources&isbn=055380457X" class="internal">ISBN 0-553-80457-X</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Google+Story&rft.au=David+Vise+and+Mark+Malseed&rft.date=2005&rft.pages=37&rft.isbn=ISBN 0-553-80457-X&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thegooglestory.com%2F"> </span></li><li id="_note-googletechnology">^ <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PageRank#_ref-googletechnology_0" title=""><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PageRank#_ref-googletechnology_1" title=""><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> Google Technology. <a href="http://www.google.com/technology/" class="external autonumber" title="http://www.google.com/technology/" rel="nofollow">[1]</a></li><li id="_note-originalpaper">^ <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PageRank#_ref-originalpaper_0" title=""><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PageRank#_ref-originalpaper_1" title=""><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://dbpubs.stanford.edu:8090/pub/1998-8" class="external text" title="http://dbpubs.stanford.edu:8090/pub/1998-8" rel="nofollow">The Anatomy of a Large-Scale Hypertextual Web Search Engine</a>. <i>Brin, S.; Page, L</i> (1998).</li><li id="_note-1"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PageRank#_ref-1" title="">^</a></b> <cite style="font-style: normal;">Sergey Brin and Lawrence Page (1998). "<a href="http://www-db.stanford.edu/%7Ebackrub/google.html" class="external text" title="http://www-db.stanford.edu/~backrub/google.html" rel="nofollow">The anatomy of a large-scale hypertextual Web search engine</a>". <i>Proceedings of the seventh international conference on World Wide Web 7</i>: 107-117 (Section 2.1.1 Description of PageRank Calculation).</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=proceeding&rft.btitle=Proceedings+of+the+seventh+international+conference+on+World+Wide+Web+7&rft.atitle=The+anatomy+of+a+large-scale+hypertextual+Web+search+engine&rft.au=Sergey+Brin+and+Lawrence+Page&rft.date=1998&rft.place=Brisbane%2C+Australia&rft.pages=107-117+%28Section+2.1.1+Description+of+PageRank+Calculation%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww-db.stanford.edu%2F%7Ebackrub%2Fgoogle.html"> </span></li><li id="_note-2"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PageRank#_ref-2" title="">^</a></b> <a href="http://citeseer.ist.psu.edu/719287.html" class="external text" title="http://citeseer.ist.psu.edu/719287.html" rel="nofollow">Fast PageRank Computation via a Sparse Linear System (Extended Abstract)</a>. <i>Gianna M. Del Corso, Antonio Gullí, Francesco Romani</i>.</li><li id="_note-3"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PageRank#_ref-3" title="">^</a></b> Cutt, Matts. <a href="http://www.mattcutts.com/blog/whats-an-update/" class="external text" title="http://www.mattcutts.com/blog/whats-an-update/" rel="nofollow">What’s an update?</a> Blog post (September 8, 2005)</li><li id="_note-Cutts-0414">^ <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PageRank#_ref-Cutts-0414_0" title=""><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PageRank#_ref-Cutts-0414_1" title=""><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://www.mattcutts.com/blog/how-to-report-paid-links/" class="external text" title="http://www.mattcutts.com/blog/how-to-report-paid-links/" rel="nofollow">How to report paid links</a>. mattcutts.com/blog (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/April_14" title="April 14">April 14</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007" title="2007">2007</a>). Retrieved on <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007" title="2007">2007</a>-<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/May_28" title="May 28">05-28</a>.</li><li id="_note-4"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PageRank#_ref-4" title="">^</a></b> <cite style="font-style: normal;">Johan Bollen, Marko A. Rodriguez, and Herbert Van de Sompel. (December 2006). "<a href="http://www.arxiv.org/abs/cs.GL/0601030" class="external text" title="http://www.arxiv.org/abs/cs.GL/0601030" rel="nofollow">Journal Status</a>". <i>Scientometrics</i> <b>69</b> (3).</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Journal+Status&rft.jtitle=Scientometrics&rft.date=2006&rft.volume=69&rft.issue=3&rft.au=Johan+Bollen%2C+Marko+A.+Rodriguez%2C+and+Herbert+Van+de+Sompel.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.arxiv.org%2Fabs%2Fcs.GL%2F0601030"> </span></li><li id="_note-5"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PageRank#_ref-5" title="">^</a></b> Andrea Esuli and Fabrizio Sebastiani. <a href="http://nmis.isti.cnr.it/sebastiani/Publications/ACL07.pdf" class="external text" title="http://nmis.isti.cnr.it/sebastiani/Publications/ACL07.pdf" rel="nofollow">PageRanking WordNet synsets: An Application to Opinion-Related Properties</a>. <i>In Proceedings of the 35th Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics, Prague, CZ, 2007, pp. 424-431</i>. Retrieved on June 30, 2007.</li><li id="_note-6"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PageRank#_ref-6" title="">^</a></b> <cite style="font-style: normal;">Benjamin M. Schmidt and Matthew M. Chingos (2007). "<a href="http://www.people.fas.harvard.edu/%7Echingos/rankings_paper.pdf" class="external text" title="http://www.people.fas.harvard.edu/~chingos/rankings_paper.pdf" rel="nofollow">Ranking Doctoral Programs by Placement: A New Method</a>". <i>PS: Political Science and Politics</i> <b>40</b> (July): 523-529.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Ranking+Doctoral+Programs+by+Placement%3A+A+New+Method&rft.jtitle=PS%3A+Political+Science+and+Politics&rft.date=2007&rft.volume=40&rft.issue=July&rft.au=Benjamin+M.+Schmidt+and+Matthew+M.+Chingos&rft.pages=523-529&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.people.fas.harvard.edu%2F%7Echingos%2Frankings_paper.pdf"> </span></li><li id="_note-7"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PageRank#_ref-7" title="">^</a></b> <cite style="font-style: normal;">Wissner-Gross, A. D. (2006). "<a href="http://www.alexwg.org/ICALT2006.pdf" class="external text" title="http://www.alexwg.org/ICALT2006.pdf" rel="nofollow">Preparation of topical readings lists from the link structure of Wikipedia</a>". <i>Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Advanced Learning Technology</i>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=%5Bhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.alexwg.org%2FICALT2006.pdf+Preparation+of+topical+readings+lists+from+the+link+structure+of+Wikipedia%5D&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+IEEE+International+Conference+on+Advanced+Learning+Technology&rft.date=2006&rft.au=Wissner-Gross%2C+A.+D."> </span></li><li id="_note-8"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PageRank#_ref-8" title="">^</a></b> <a href="http://dbpubs.stanford.edu:8091/diglib/pub/projectdir/google.html" class="external text" title="http://dbpubs.stanford.edu:8091/diglib/pub/projectdir/google.html" rel="nofollow">Working Papers Concerning the Creation of Google</a>. <i>Google</i>. Retrieved on November 29, 2006.</li><li id="_note-9"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PageRank#_ref-9" title="">^</a></b> <cite style="font-style: normal;">Cho, J., Garcia-Molina, H., and Page, L. (1998). "<a href="http://dbpubs.stanford.edu:8090/pub/1998-51" class="external text" title="http://dbpubs.stanford.edu:8090/pub/1998-51" rel="nofollow">Efficient crawling through URL ordering</a>". <i>Proceedings of the seventh conference on World Wide Web</i>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=%5Bhttp%3A%2F%2Fdbpubs.stanford.edu%3A8090%2Fpub%2F1998-51+Efficient+crawling+through+URL+ordering%5D&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+seventh+conference+on+World+Wide+Web&rft.date=1998&rft.au=Cho%2C+J.%2C+Garcia-Molina%2C+H.%2C+and+Page%2C+L."> </span></li></ol> </div> <p><a name="Further_reading" id="Further_reading"></a></p> <h2><span class="editsection"></span><span class="mw-headline">Further reading</span></h2> <div class="references-2column"> <ul><li><cite class="book" id="Reference-Langville-2006">Langville, Amy N. (2006). <i>Google's PageRank and Beyond: The Science of Search Engine Rankings</i>. Princeton University Press. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Booksources&isbn=0691122024" class="internal">ISBN 0-691-12202-4</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Google%27s+PageRank+and+Beyond%3A+The+Science+of+Search+Engine+Rankings&rft.aulast=Langville&rft.aufirst=Amy+N.&rft.date=2006&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press"> </span></li><li><cite style="font-style: normal;">Lawrence Page, Sergey Brin, Rajeev Motwani, and Terry Winograd (1999). "<a href="http://dbpubs.stanford.edu:8090/pub/showDoc.Fulltext?lang=en&doc=1999-66&format=pdf&compression=" class="external text" title="http://dbpubs.stanford.edu:8090/pub/showDoc.Fulltext?lang=en&doc=1999-66&format=pdf&compression=" rel="nofollow">The PageRank citation ranking: Bringing order to the Web</a>".</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+PageRank+citation+ranking%3A+Bringing+order+to+the+Web&rft.date=1999&rft.au=Lawrence+Page%2C+Sergey+Brin%2C+Rajeev+Motwani%2C+and+Terry+Winograd&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdbpubs.stanford.edu%3A8090%2Fpub%2FshowDoc.Fulltext%3Flang%3Den%26doc%3D1999-66%26format%3Dpdf%26compression%3D"> </span></li><li><cite style="font-style: normal;">Matthew Richardson and Pedro Domingos (2002). "<a href="http://www.cs.washington.edu/homes/pedrod/papers/nips01b.pdf" class="external text" title="http://www.cs.washington.edu/homes/pedrod/papers/nips01b.pdf" rel="nofollow">The intelligent surfer: Probabilistic combination of link and content information in PageRank</a>". <i>Proceedings of Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems</i> <b>14</b>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=proceeding&rft.btitle=Proceedings+of+Advances+in+Neural+Information+Processing+Systems&rft.atitle=The+intelligent+surfer%3A+Probabilistic+combination+of+link+and+content+information+in+PageRank&rft.au=Matthew+Richardson+and+Pedro+Domingos&rft.date=2002&rft.series=14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cs.washington.edu%2Fhomes%2Fpedrod%2Fpapers%2Fnips01b.pdf"> </span></li></ul> </div> <p><a name="External_links" id="External_links"></a></p> <h2><span class="editsection"></span> <span class="mw-headline">External links</span></h2> <ul><li><a href="http://www.google.com/technology/" class="external text" title="http://www.google.com/technology/" rel="nofollow">Our Search: Google Technology</a> by Google</li><li><a href="http://www.ams.org/featurecolumn/archive/pagerank.html" class="external text" title="http://www.ams.org/featurecolumn/archive/pagerank.html" rel="nofollow">How Google Finds Your Needle in the Web's Haystack</a> by the American Mathematical Society</li><li><a href="http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?patentnumber=6,285,999" class="external text" title="http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?patentnumber=6,285,999" rel="nofollow">Original PageRank U.S. Patent- Method for node ranking in a linked database</a> - <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_4" title="September 4">September 4</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001" title="2001">2001</a></li><li><a href="http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=6,799,176.PN.&OS=PN/6,799,176&RS=PN/6,799,176" class="external text" title="http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=6,799,176.PN.&OS=PN/6,799,176&RS=PN/6,799,176" rel="nofollow">PageRank U.S. Patent - Method for scoring documents in a linked database</a> - <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_28" title="September 28">September 28</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004" title="2004">2004</a></li><li><a href="http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?patentnumber=7058628" class="external text" title="http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?patentnumber=7058628" rel="nofollow">PageRank U.S. Patent</a><span class="PDFlink noprint"><a href="http://www.pat2pdf.org/pat2pdf/foo.pl?number=7058628" class="external text" title="http://www.pat2pdf.org/pat2pdf/foo.pl?number=7058628" rel="nofollow"> </a></span> - Method for node ranking in a linked database - <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/June_6" title="June 6">June 6</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006" title="2006">2006</a></li></ul> <table id="collapsibleTable0" class="navbox collapsible autocollapse" style="margin: auto; width: auto;"><tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="background: rgb(139, 219, 140) none repeat scroll 0% 50%; text-align: center; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;"><span style="float: right; font-weight: normal; text-align: right; width: 6em;">[<a href="javascript:collapseTable(0);" id="collapseButton0">hide</a>]</span> <div style="float: left; width: 6em; text-align: left;"> <div class="noprint plainlinksneverexpand" style="padding: 0pt; background-color: transparent; font-weight: normal; font-size: xx-small; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Google_Inc." title="Template:Google Inc."><span title="View this template">v</span></a> <span style="font-size: 80%;">•</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Google_Inc." title="Template talk:Google Inc."><span title="Discussion about this template">d</span></a> <span style="font-size: 80%;">•</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Google_Inc.&action=edit" class="external text" title="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Google_Inc.&action=edit" rel="nofollow"><span style="color: rgb(0, 43, 184);" title="You can edit this template. Please use the preview button before saving.">e</span></a></div> </div> <span style="font-size: 110%;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google" title="Google">Google Inc.</a></span></th> </tr> <tr> <td style="" colspan="2"><b>Chairman/CEO</b>: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_E._Schmidt" title="Eric E. Schmidt">Eric E. Schmidt</a><span style="white-space: nowrap; font-weight: bold;"> ·</span> <b>Director/Technology President</b>: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergey_Brin" title="Sergey Brin">Sergey Brin</a><span style="white-space: nowrap; font-weight: bold;"> ·</span> <b>Director/Products President</b>: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larry_Page" title="Larry Page">Larry Page</a><span style="white-space: nowrap; font-weight: bold;"> ·</span> <b>CFO</b>: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Reyes" title="George Reyes">George Reyes</a><br /><b>Other Directors</b>: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Doerr" title="John Doerr">John Doerr</a><span style="white-space: nowrap; font-weight: bold;"> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_L._Hennessy" title="John L. Hennessy">John L. Hennessy</a><span style="white-space: nowrap; font-weight: bold;"> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_D._Levinson" title="Arthur D. Levinson">Arthur D. Levinson</a><span style="white-space: nowrap; font-weight: bold;"> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ann_Mather" title="Ann Mather">Ann Mather</a><span style="white-space: nowrap; font-weight: bold;"> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Moritz" title="Michael Moritz">Michael Moritz</a><span style="white-space: nowrap; font-weight: bold;"> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Otellini" title="Paul Otellini">Paul Otellini</a><span style="white-space: nowrap; font-weight: bold;"> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ram_Shriram" title="Ram Shriram">Ram Shriram</a><span style="white-space: nowrap; font-weight: bold;"> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shirley_M._Tilghman" title="Shirley M. Tilghman">Shirley M. Tilghman</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th style="background: rgb(139, 219, 140) none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;">Company</th> <td style="" colspan="1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Google_acquisitions" title="List of Google acquisitions">Acquisitions</a><span style="white-space: nowrap; font-weight: bold;"> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criticism_of_Google" title="Criticism of Google">Criticism of Google</a><span style="white-space: nowrap; font-weight: bold;"> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_China" title="Google China">Google China</a><span style="white-space: nowrap; font-weight: bold;"> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google.org" title="Google.org">Google.org</a><span style="white-space: nowrap; font-weight: bold;"> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google.org#Google_Foundation" title="Google.org">Foundation</a><span style="white-space: nowrap; font-weight: bold;"> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google" title="History of Google">History</a><span style="white-space: nowrap; font-weight: bold;"> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Labs" title="Google Labs">Labs</a><span style="white-space: nowrap; font-weight: bold;"> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Google_products" title="List of Google products">Products</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th style="background: rgb(139, 219, 140) none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;">Advertising</th> <td style="" colspan="1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AdSense" title="AdSense">AdSense</a><span style="white-space: nowrap; font-weight: bold;"> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AdWords" title="AdWords">AdWords</a><span style="white-space: nowrap; font-weight: bold;"> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Analytics" title="Google Analytics">Analytics</a><span style="white-space: nowrap; font-weight: bold;"> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Base" title="Google Base">Base</a><span style="white-space: nowrap; font-weight: bold;"> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Checkout" title="Google Checkout">Checkout</a><span style="white-space: nowrap; font-weight: bold;"> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AdWords#Click-to-Call" title="AdWords">Click-to-Call</a><span style="white-space: nowrap; font-weight: bold;"> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DoubleClick" title="DoubleClick">DoubleClick</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th style="background: rgb(139, 219, 140) none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;">Communication</th> <td style="" colspan="1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Apps" title="Google Apps">Apps</a><span style="white-space: nowrap; font-weight: bold;"> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Calendar" title="Google Calendar">Calendar</a><span style="white-space: nowrap; font-weight: bold;"> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gmail" title="Gmail">Gmail</a><span style="white-space: nowrap; font-weight: bold;"> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GrandCentral" title="GrandCentral">GrandCentral</a><span style="white-space: nowrap; font-weight: bold;"> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Groups" title="Google Groups">Groups</a><span style="white-space: nowrap; font-weight: bold;"> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Talk" title="Google Talk">Gtalk</a><span style="white-space: nowrap; font-weight: bold;"> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orkut" title="Orkut">Orkut</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th style="background: rgb(139, 219, 140) none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;">Computer Software</th> <td style="" colspan="1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Browser_Sync" title="Google Browser Sync">Browser Sync</a><span style="white-space: nowrap; font-weight: bold;"> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Desktop" title="Google Desktop">Desktop</a><span style="white-space: nowrap; font-weight: bold;"> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Earth" title="Google Earth">Earth</a><span style="white-space: nowrap; font-weight: bold;"> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Gears" title="Google Gears">Gears</a><span style="white-space: nowrap; font-weight: bold;"> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Pack" title="Google Pack">Pack</a><span style="white-space: nowrap; font-weight: bold;"> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Picasa" title="Picasa">Picasa</a><span style="white-space: nowrap; font-weight: bold;"> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SketchUp" title="SketchUp">SketchUp</a><span style="white-space: nowrap; font-weight: bold;"> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Talk" title="Google Talk">Talk</a><span style="white-space: nowrap; font-weight: bold;"> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Toolbar" title="Google Toolbar">Toolbar</a><span style="white-space: nowrap; font-weight: bold;"> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Pack#Google_Updater" title="Google Pack">Updater</a><span style="white-space: nowrap; font-weight: bold;"> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Video#Google_Video_Player" title="Google Video">Video Player</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th style="background: rgb(139, 219, 140) none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;">Publishing</th> <td style="" colspan="1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blogger_%28service%29" title="Blogger (service)">Blogger</a><span style="white-space: nowrap; font-weight: bold;"> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Docs_%26_Spreadsheets" title="Google Docs & Spreadsheets">Docs & Spreadsheets</a><span style="white-space: nowrap; font-weight: bold;"> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FeedBurner" title="FeedBurner">FeedBurner</a><span style="white-space: nowrap; font-weight: bold;"> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IGoogle" title="IGoogle">iGoogle</a><span style="white-space: nowrap; font-weight: bold;"> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Video" title="Google Video">Video</a><span style="white-space: nowrap; font-weight: bold;"> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th style="background: rgb(139, 219, 140) none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;">Search (<strong class="selflink">PageRank</strong>)</th> <td style="" colspan="1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Book_Search" title="Google Book Search">Books</a><span style="white-space: nowrap; font-weight: bold;"> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Desktop" title="Google Desktop">Desktop</a><span style="white-space: nowrap; font-weight: bold;"> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Finance" title="Google Finance">Finance</a><span style="white-space: nowrap; font-weight: bold;"> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Image_Search" title="Google Image Search">Images</a><span style="white-space: nowrap; font-weight: bold;"> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Maps" title="Google Maps">Maps</a><span style="white-space: nowrap; font-weight: bold;"> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_News" title="Google News">News</a><span style="white-space: nowrap; font-weight: bold;"> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Patent_Search" title="Google Patent Search">Patents</a><span style="white-space: nowrap; font-weight: bold;"> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Product_Search" title="Google Product Search">Products</a><span style="white-space: nowrap; font-weight: bold;"> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Scholar" title="Google Scholar">Scholar</a><span style="white-space: nowrap; font-weight: bold;"> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Groups" title="Google Groups">Usenet</a><span style="white-space: nowrap; font-weight: bold;"> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Video" title="Google Video">Video</a><span style="white-space: nowrap; font-weight: bold;"> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_search" title="Google search">Web</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td style="" colspan="2"><b>Stock Symbol</b>: (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASDAQ" title="NASDAQ">NASDAQ</a>: <a href="http://quotes.nasdaq.com/asp/SummaryQuote.asp?symbol=GOOG&selected=GOOG" class="external text" title="http://quotes.nasdaq.com/asp/SummaryQuote.asp?symbol=GOOG&selected=GOOG" rel="nofollow">GOOG</a>), (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Stock_Exchange" title="London Stock Exchange">LSE</a>: <a href="http://www.londonstockexchange.com/en-gb/pricesnews/prices/Trigger/genericsearch.htm?bsg=true&ns=GGEA" class="external text" title="http://www.londonstockexchange.com/en-gb/pricesnews/prices/Trigger/genericsearch.htm?bsg=true&ns=GGEA" rel="nofollow">GGEA</a>)<span style="white-space: nowrap; font-weight: bold;"> ·</span> <b>Annual Revenue</b>: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Green_Arrow_Up_Darker.svg" class="image" title=""><img alt="" longdesc="/wiki/Image:Green_Arrow_Up_Darker.svg" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Green_Arrow_Up_Darker.svg/10px-Green_Arrow_Up_Darker.svg.png" height="10" width="10" /></a><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_dollar" title="United States dollar">US$</a>7.14 billion (2006)<br /><b>Employees</b>: 13,748 (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/June_30" title="June 30">June 30</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007" title="2007">2007</a>)<span style="white-space: nowrap; font-weight: bold;"> ·</span> <b>Motto</b>: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don%27t_Be_Evil" title="Don't Be Evil">Don't Be Evil</a><span style="white-space: nowrap; font-weight: bold;"> ·</span> <b>Website</b>: <a href="http://www.google.com/" class="external text" title="http://www.google.com/" rel="nofollow">google.com</a></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="blogger-post-footer"><script type="text/javascript"><!--
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</script></div>Anonymousnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-35317677.post-61682242631157696442007-08-04T21:09:00.000+07:002007-08-04T21:11:08.248+07:00Open Directory Project<h3 id="siteSub"><span style="font-size:78%;">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</span></h3> <div id="jump-to-nav">Jump to: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Directory_Project#column-one">navigation</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Directory_Project#searchInput">search</a></div> <!-- start content --> <table class="infobox borderless" style="font-size: 90%; text-align: left; width: 24em;" summary="Template:Infobox Website"> <caption style="font-size: 125%; vertical-align: middle;"><b>Open Directory Project</b></caption> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="2" style="border: 0px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); text-align: center;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Dmoz.org.png" class="image" title=""><img alt="" longdesc="/wiki/Image:Dmoz.org.png" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/79/Dmoz.org.png/200px-Dmoz.org.png" height="126" width="200" /></a></td> </tr> <tr> <th><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uniform_Resource_Locator" title="Uniform Resource Locator">URL</a></th> <td><a href="http://dmoz.org/" class="external free" title="http://dmoz.org/" rel="nofollow">http://dmoz.org/</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th>Commercial?</th> <td>No</td> </tr> <tr> <th>Type of site</th> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_directory" title="Web directory">Web directory</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th>Registration</th> <td>Optional</td> </tr> <tr style="vertical-align: top;"> <th>Owner</th> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netscape" title="Netscape">Netscape</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th>Created by</th> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netscape" title="Netscape">Netscape</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th>Launched</th> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/June_5" title="June 5">June 5</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1998" title="1998">1998</a></td> </tr> </tbody></table> <p>The <b>Open Directory Project</b> (<b>ODP</b>), also known as <b>dmoz</b> (from <i>directory.mozilla.org</i>, its original <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domain_name" title="Domain name">domain name</a>), is a multilingual <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_content" title="Open content">open content</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_directory" title="Web directory">directory</a> of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Web" title="World Wide Web">World Wide Web</a> links owned by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netscape" title="Netscape">Netscape</a> that is constructed and maintained by a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_community" title="Virtual community">community</a> of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volunteer" title="Volunteer">volunteer</a> editors.</p> <p>ODP uses a hierarchical <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontology_%28computer_science%29" title="Ontology (computer science)">ontology</a> scheme for organizing site listings. Listings on a similar topic are grouped into categories, which can then include smaller categories.</p> <table id="toc" class="toc" summary="Contents"> <tbody><tr> <td> <div id="toctitle"> <h2>Contents</h2> <span class="toctoggle">[<a href="javascript:toggleToc()" class="internal" id="togglelink">hide</a>]</span></div> <ul><li class="toclevel-1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Directory_Project#Project_information"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Project information</span></a> <ul><li class="toclevel-2"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Directory_Project#System_failure_and_editing_outage.2C_October_to_December_2006"><span class="tocnumber">1.1</span> <span class="toctext">System failure and editing outage, October to December 2006</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-2"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Directory_Project#Competing_and_spinoff_projects"><span class="tocnumber">1.2</span> <span class="toctext">Competing and spinoff projects</span></a></li></ul> </li><li class="toclevel-1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Directory_Project#Content"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Content</span></a> <ul><li class="toclevel-2"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Directory_Project#Maintenance"><span class="tocnumber">2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Maintenance</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-2"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Directory_Project#License_and_requirements"><span class="tocnumber">2.2</span> <span class="toctext">License and requirements</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-2"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Directory_Project#RDF_dumps"><span class="tocnumber">2.3</span> <span class="toctext">RDF dumps</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-2"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Directory_Project#Content_users"><span class="tocnumber">2.4</span> <span class="toctext">Content users</span></a></li></ul> </li><li class="toclevel-1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Directory_Project#Policies_and_procedures"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Policies and procedures</span></a> <ul><li class="toclevel-2"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Directory_Project#Site_submissions"><span class="tocnumber">3.1</span> <span class="toctext">Site submissions</span></a></li></ul> </li><li class="toclevel-1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Directory_Project#Controversy_and_criticism"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Controversy and criticism</span></a> <ul><li class="toclevel-2"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Directory_Project#Ownership_and_management"><span class="tocnumber">4.1</span> <span class="toctext">Ownership and management</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-2"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Directory_Project#Allegations_that_editors_are_removed_for_criticizing_policies"><span class="tocnumber">4.2</span> <span class="toctext">Allegations that editors are removed for criticizing policies</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-2"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Directory_Project#Editor_removal_procedures"><span class="tocnumber">4.3</span> <span class="toctext">Editor removal procedures</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-2"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Directory_Project#Blacklisting_allegations"><span class="tocnumber">4.4</span> <span class="toctext">Blacklisting allegations</span></a></li></ul> </li><li class="toclevel-1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Directory_Project#Software"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Software</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Directory_Project#Hierarchical_structure"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Hierarchical structure</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Directory_Project#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Directory_Project#References"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Directory_Project#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li></ul> </td> </tr> </tbody></table> <script type="text/javascript"> //<![CDATA[ if (window.showTocToggle) { var tocShowText = "show"; var tocHideText = "hide"; showTocToggle(); } //]]> </script> <p><a name="Project_information" id="Project_information"></a></p> <h2><span class="editsection"></span> <span class="mw-headline">Project information</span></h2> <p>ODP was founded as <b>Gnuhoo</b> by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rich_Skrenta" title="Rich Skrenta">Rich Skrenta</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Truel" title="Bob Truel">Bob Truel</a> in 1998. At the time, Skrenta and Truel were working as engineers for <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun_Microsystems" title="Sun Microsystems">Sun Microsystems</a>. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chris_Tolles&action=edit" class="new" title="Chris Tolles">Chris Tolles</a>, who worked at Sun Microsystems as the head of marketing for network security products, also signed on in 1998 as a co-founder of Gnuhoo along with co-founders <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bryn_Dole&action=edit" class="new" title="Bryn Dole">Bryn Dole</a> and Jeremy Wenokur. Skrenta was already well known for his role in developing <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=TASS_%28software%29&action=edit" class="new" title="TASS (software)">TASS</a>, an ancestor of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tin_%28newsreader%29" title="Tin (newsreader)">tin</a>, the popular threaded <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usenet" title="Usenet">Usenet</a> newsreader for <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix" title="Unix">Unix</a> systems. Coincidentally, the original category structure of the Gnuhoo directory was based loosely on the structure of Usenet newsgroups then in existence.</p> <p>The Gnuhoo directory went live on <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/June_5" title="June 5">June 5</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1998" title="1998">1998</a>. After a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slashdot" title="Slashdot">Slashdot</a> article suggested that Gnuhoo had nothing in common with the spirit of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_software" title="Free software">free software</a>,<sup id="_ref-0" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Directory_Project#_note-0" title="">[1]</a></sup> for which the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU" title="GNU">GNU</a> project was known, Richard Stallman and the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_Software_Foundation" title="Free Software Foundation">Free Software Foundation</a> objected to the usage of Gnu. So Gnuhoo was changed to <b>NewHoo</b>. Yahoo then objected to the usage of "Hoo" in the name, prompting them to switch the name again. <b>ZURL</b> was the likely choice. However, before the switch to ZURL, NewHoo was acquired by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netscape_Communications_Corporation" title="Netscape Communications Corporation">Netscape Communications Corporation</a> in October of 1998 and became the <b>Open Directory Project</b>. Netscape released the ODP data under the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Directory_License" title="Open Directory License">Open Directory License</a>. Netscape was acquired by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AOL" title="AOL">AOL</a> shortly thereafter, and ODP was one of the assets included in the acquisition. AOL later merged with <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time-Warner" title="Time-Warner">Time-Warner</a>.</p> <p>By the time Netscape assumed stewardship, the Open Directory Project had about 100,000 <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uniform_Resource_Locator" title="Uniform Resource Locator">URLs</a> indexed with contributions from about 4500 editors. On <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/October_5" title="October 5">October 5</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1999" title="1999">1999</a>, the number of URLs indexed by ODP reached one million. According to an unofficial estimate, the number of URLs in the Open Directory surpassed the number of URLs in the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yahoo%21_Directory" title="Yahoo! Directory">Yahoo! Directory</a> in April 2000 with about 1.6 million URLs. ODP achieved the milestones of indexing two million URLs on <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/August_14" title="August 14">August 14</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2000" title="2000">2000</a>, three million listings on <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/November_18" title="November 18">November 18</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001" title="2001">2001</a> and four million on <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/December_3" title="December 3">December 3</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2003" title="2003">2003</a>.</p> <p>From January 2006 the Open Directory began to publish <a href="http://research.dmoz.org/publish/chris2001/odp_reports/" class="external text" title="http://research.dmoz.org/publish/chris2001/odp_reports/" rel="nofollow">online reports</a> to inform the public about the development of the project. The first report covered the year 2005. Monthly reports have been issued subsequently.</p> <p>These reports give greater insight into the functioning of the directory than the simplified statistics given on the front page of the directory. The number of listings and categories cited on the front page include "Test" and "Bookmarks" categories, but these are not included in the RDF dump offered to users. The total number of editors who have contributed to the directory as of March 31 2007 was 75,151.<sup id="_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Directory_Project#_note-1" title="">[2]</a></sup> The number of active editors at any instant is much lower, for example there were 7407 active editors during August 2006.<sup id="_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Directory_Project#_note-2" title="">[3]</a></sup></p> <p><a name="System_failure_and_editing_outage.2C_October_to_December_2006" id="System_failure_and_editing_outage.2C_October_to_December_2006"></a></p> <h3><span class="editsection"></span><span class="mw-headline">System failure and editing outage, October to December 2006</span></h3> <p>On October 20, 2006, the ODP's main server suffered a catastrophic system failure<sup id="_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Directory_Project#_note-3" title="">[4]</a></sup> that prevented editors from working on the directory until December 18, 2006.<sup id="_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Directory_Project#_note-4" title="">[5]</a></sup> During that period, an older build of the directory was visible to the public. On January 13, 2007, the Site Suggestion and Update Listings forms were again made available.<sup id="_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Directory_Project#_note-5" title="">[6]</a></sup> On January 26, 2007, weekly publication of RDF dumps resumed. To avoid future outages, the system now resides on a redundant configuration of two Intel-based servers.<sup id="_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Directory_Project#_note-6" title="">[7]</a></sup></p> <p><a name="Competing_and_spinoff_projects" id="Competing_and_spinoff_projects"></a></p> <h3><span class="editsection"></span><span class="mw-headline">Competing and spinoff projects</span></h3> <p>ODP inspired the formation of two other major <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_directory" title="Web directory">web directories</a> edited by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volunteer" title="Volunteer">volunteers</a> and sponsored by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_company" title="Public company">public companies</a>, both now defunct: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Go.com" title="Go.com">Go.com</a> directory (formerly owned by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Walt_Disney_Company" title="The Walt Disney Company">The Walt Disney Company</a>), and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeal_%28web%29" title="Zeal (web)">Zeal</a> (formerly owned by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LookSmart" title="LookSmart">LookSmart</a>). These directories did not license their content for <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_content" title="Open content">open content</a> distribution, which may have contributed to their demise; open content licensing contributed to ODP's success in a fiercely competitive market.</p> <p>The concept of using a large-scale community of editors to compile online content has been successfully applied to other types of projects. ODP's editing model directly inspired three other open content volunteer projects: an open content restaurant directory known as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=ChefMoz&action=edit" class="new" title="ChefMoz">ChefMoz</a> (launched by ODP management), an open content music directory known as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MusicMoz&action=edit" class="new" title="MusicMoz">MusicMoz</a>, and an encyclopedia known as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Site" title="Open Site">Open Site</a>. As yet, none of these has approached ODP's level of success.</p> <p><a name="Content" id="Content"></a></p> <h2><span class="editsection"></span> <span class="mw-headline">Content</span></h2> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width: 252px;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Dmoz.org.png" class="internal" title="Open Directory Project front page, January 2006"><img alt="Open Directory Project front page, January 2006" longdesc="/wiki/Image:Dmoz.org.png" class="thumbimage" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/79/Dmoz.org.png/250px-Dmoz.org.png" height="158" width="250" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify" style="float: right;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Dmoz.org.png" class="internal" title="Enlarge"><img src="http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" alt="" height="11" width="15" /></a></div> Open Directory Project front page, January 2006</div> </div> </div> <p>Gnuhoo borrowed its initial ontology from <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usenet" title="Usenet">Usenet</a>. For example, the topic covered by the comp.ai.alife newsgroup was represented by the category Computers/AI/Artificial_Life. The original divisions were for <i>Adult</i>, <i>Arts</i>, <i>Business</i>, <i>Computers</i>, <i>Games</i>, <i>Health</i>, <i>Home</i>, <i>News</i>, <i>Recreation</i>, <i>Reference</i>, <i>Regional</i>, <i>Science</i>, <i>Shopping</i>, <i>Society</i>, and <i>Sports</i>. While these fifteen <i>top-level</i> categories have remained intact, the ontology of second- and lower-level categories has undergone a gradual evolution; significant changes are initiated by discussion among editors, and then implemented when consensus has been reached.</p> <p>In July 1998, the directory became <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multilingualism" title="Multilingualism">multilingual</a> with the addition of the <i>World</i> top-level category. The remainder of the directory lists only English language sites. By May 2005, seventy-five languages were represented. The growth rate of the non-English components of the directory has been greater than the English component since 2002. While the English component of the directory held almost 75% of the sites in 2003, the <i>World</i> level grew to over 1.5 million sites as of May 2005, forming roughly one third of the directory. Ontology in non-English categories generally mirrors that of the English directory, although exceptions which reflect language differences are quite common.</p> <p>Several of the top-level categories have unique characteristics. The <i>Adult</i> category is not present on the directory homepage, but it is fully available in the RDF dump that ODP provides. While the bulk of the directory is categorized primarily by topic, the Regional category is categorized primarily by region. This has led many to view ODP as two parallel directories: <i>Regional</i> and <i>Topical</i>.</p> <p>On <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/November_14" title="November 14">November 14</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2000" title="2000">2000</a>, a special directory within the Open Directory was created for people under 18 years of age.<sup id="_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Directory_Project#_note-7" title="">[8]</a></sup> Key factors distinguishing this "Kids and Teens" area <a href="http://dmoz.org/Kids_and_Teens/" class="external autonumber" title="http://dmoz.org/Kids_and_Teens/" rel="nofollow">[1]</a> from the main directory are:</p> <ul><li>Stricter guidelines which limit the listing of sites to those which are targeted or appropriate for people under 18 years of age.<a href="http://dmoz.org/guidelines/kguidelines/" class="external autonumber" title="http://dmoz.org/guidelines/kguidelines/" rel="nofollow">[2]</a></li><li>Category names as well as site descriptions use vocabulary which is age appropriate.</li><li><i>Age tags</i> on each listing distinguish content appropriate for kids (age 12 and under), teens (13 to 15 years old) and mature teens (16 to 18 years old).</li><li>Kids and Teens content is available as a separate RDF dump.</li><li>Editing permissions are such that the community is parallel to that of the Open Directory.</li></ul> <p>By May 2005, this portion of the Open Directory included over 32,000 site listings.</p> <p>Since early 2004 the whole site has been in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UTF-8" title="UTF-8">UTF-8</a> encoding. Prior to this, the encoding used to be <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_8859-1" title="ISO 8859-1">ISO 8859-1</a> for English language categories, and a language-dependent character set for other languages. The RDF dumps have been encoded in UTF-8 since early 2000.</p> <p><a name="Maintenance" id="Maintenance"></a></p> <h3><span class="editsection"></span> <span class="mw-headline">Maintenance</span></h3> <p>Directory listings are maintained by editors. While some editors focus on the addition of new listings, others focus on maintaining the existing listings. This includes tasks such as the editing of individual listings to correcting spelling and/or grammatical errors, as well as monitoring the status of linked sites. Still others go through site submissions to remove spam and duplicate submissions.</p> <p><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robozilla" title="Robozilla">Robozilla</a> is a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_crawler" title="Web crawler">web crawler</a> written to check the status of all sites listed in ODP. Periodically, Robozilla will flag sites which appear to have moved or disappeared, and editors follow up to check the sites and take action. This process is critical for the directory in striving to achieve one of its founding goals: to reduce the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Link_rot" title="Link rot">link rot</a> in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_directory" title="Web directory">web directories</a>. Shortly after each run the sites marked with errors are automatically moved to the unreviewed queue where editors may investigate them when time permits.</p> <p>Due to the popularity of the Open Directory and its resulting impact on <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Search_engine" title="Search engine">search engine</a> rankings (See <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PageRank" title="PageRank">PageRank</a>), domains with lapsed registration that are listed on ODP have attracted <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domain_hijacking" title="Domain hijacking">domain hijacking</a>, an issue that has been addressed by regularly removing expired domains from the directory.</p> <p>While corporate funding and staff for the ODP have diminished in recent years, volunteerism has resulted in the creation of new and improved editing tools, such as linkcheckers to supplement Robozilla, category crawlers, spellcheckers, search tools that directly sift a recent RDF dump, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bookmarklet" title="Bookmarklet">bookmarklets</a> to help automate some editing functions, and tools to help work through unreviewed queues in multiple ways.</p> <p><a name="License_and_requirements" id="License_and_requirements"></a></p> <h3><span class="editsection"></span> <span class="mw-headline">License and requirements</span></h3> <p>ODP data is made available for open content distribution under the terms of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Directory_License" title="Open Directory License">Open Directory License</a>, which requires a specific ODP attribution table on every Web page that uses the data.</p> <p>The Open Directory License also includes a requirement that users of the data continually check the ODP site for updates and discontinue use and distribution of the data or works derived from the data once an update occurs. This restriction prompted the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_Software_Foundation" title="Free Software Foundation">Free Software Foundation</a> to refer to the Open Directory License as a <a href="http://www.gnu.org/licenses/license-list.html#NonFreeDocumentationLicenses%7C" class="external text" title="http://www.gnu.org/licenses/license-list.html#NonFreeDocumentationLicenses|" rel="nofollow">non free documentation license</a>, citing the right to redistribute a given version not being permanent, and the requirement to check for changes to the license.</p> <p><a name="RDF_dumps" id="RDF_dumps"></a></p> <h3><span class="editsection"></span> <span class="mw-headline">RDF dumps</span></h3> <p>ODP data is made available through an <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resource_Description_Framework" title="Resource Description Framework">RDF</a>-like dump that is published on a dedicated download server <a href="http://rdf.dmoz.org/" class="external autonumber" title="http://rdf.dmoz.org/" rel="nofollow">[3]</a>. An archive of previous versions is also available <a href="http://rdf.dmoz.org/rdf/archive/" class="external autonumber" title="http://rdf.dmoz.org/rdf/archive/" rel="nofollow">[4]</a>. New versions are usually generated weekly. An ODP editor has catalogued a number of bugs that are/were encountered when implementing the ODP RDF dump, including <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UTF-8" title="UTF-8">UTF-8</a> encoding errors (fixed since August 2004) and an RDF format that does not comply with the final RDF specification because ODP RDF generation was implemented before the RDF specification was finalized <a href="http://rainwaterreptileranch.org/steve/sw/odp/rdflist.html" class="external autonumber" title="http://rainwaterreptileranch.org/steve/sw/odp/rdflist.html" rel="nofollow">[5]</a>.</p> <p>So while today the so-called RDF dump is valid <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XML" title="XML">XML</a>, it is not strictly RDF, but an ODP-specific format. Software to process the ODP RDF dump needs to take account of this.</p> <p><a name="Content_users" id="Content_users"></a></p> <h3><span class="editsection"></span><span class="mw-headline">Content users</span></h3> <div class="floatright"><span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Odpusage.png" class="image" title=""><img alt="" longdesc="/wiki/Image:Odpusage.png" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/0/02/Odpusage.png" height="304" width="625" /></a></span></div> <p>ODP data powers the core <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Directory_service" title="Directory service">directory services</a> for many of the Web's largest search engines and portals, including <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netscape" title="Netscape">Netscape</a> Search, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AOL" title="AOL">AOL</a> Search, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google" title="Google">Google</a>, and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexa_Internet" title="Alexa Internet">Alexa</a>.</p> <p>Other uses are also made of ODP data. For example, in the spring of 2004 <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yahoo%21_Search_Marketing" title="Yahoo! Search Marketing">Overture</a> announced a search service for third parties combining <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yahoo%21_Directory" title="Yahoo! Directory">Yahoo! Directory</a> search results with ODP titles, descriptions and category metadata. The search engine <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gigablast" title="Gigablast">Gigablast</a> announced on <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/May_12" title="May 12">12 May</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2005" title="2005">2005</a> its searchable copy of the Open Directory. The technology permits search of websites listed in specific categories, "in effect, instantly creating over 500,000 vertical search engines".<a href="http://www.gigablast.com/prdir.html" class="external autonumber" title="http://www.gigablast.com/prdir.html" rel="nofollow">[6]</a></p> <p><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_2006" title="September 2006">As of September 8, 2006</a> the ODP listed 313 English-language Web sites that use ODP data as well as 238 sites in other languages.<a href="http://dmoz.org/Computers/Internet/Searching/Directories/Open_Directory_Project/Sites_Using_ODP_Data/" class="external autonumber" title="http://dmoz.org/Computers/Internet/Searching/Directories/Open_Directory_Project/Sites_Using_ODP_Data/" rel="nofollow">[7]</a> However these figures do not reflect the full picture of use, as those sites which use ODP data without following the terms of the ODP license are not listed.</p> <p><a name="Policies_and_procedures" id="Policies_and_procedures"></a></p> <h2><span class="editsection"></span> <span class="mw-headline">Policies and procedures</span></h2> <p>There are restrictions imposed on who can become an ODP editor. The primary gatekeeping mechanism is an editor application process wherein editor candidates demonstrate their editing abilities, disclose affiliations that might pose a conflict of interest, and otherwise give a sense of how the applicant would likely mesh with the ODP culture and mission. A majority of applications are rejected, but reapplying is allowed and sometimes encouraged. The same standards apply to editors of all categories and subcategories, which can result in certain areas going without editors for long periods of time.<sup class="noprint Template-Fact"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources since February 2007" style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i>citation needed</i>]</span></a></sup></p> <p>ODP's editing model is a hierarchical one. Upon becoming editors, individuals will generally have editing permissions in only a small category. Once they have demonstrated basic editing skills in compliance with the Editing Guidelines, they are welcome to apply for additional editing privileges, in either a broader category, or in a category elsewhere in the directory. Mentorship relationships between editors are encouraged, and internal forums provide a vehicle for new editors to ask questions.</p> <p>ODP has its own internal forums, the contents of which are intended only for editors to communicate with each other<sup id="_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Directory_Project#_note-8" title="">[9]</a></sup> primarily about editing topics. Access to the forums requires an editor account, and editors are expected to keep the contents of these forums private.<sup id="_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Directory_Project#_note-9" title="">[10]</a></sup></p> <p>Over time, senior editors may be granted additional privileges which reflect their editing experience and leadership within the editing community. The most straightforward are <i>editall</i> privileges, which allow an editor to access all categories in the directory. <i>Meta</i> privileges additionally allow editors to perform tasks such as reviewing editor applications, setting category features, and handling external and internal abuse reports. <i>Cateditall</i> privileges are similar to <i>editall</i>, but only for a single directory category. Similarly, <i>catmod</i> privileges are similar to <i>meta</i>, but only for a single directory category. <i>Catmv</i> privileges allow editors to make changes to directory ontology by moving or renaming categories. All of these privileges are granted by admins and staff, usually after discussion with <i>meta</i> editors.</p> <p>In August 2004, a new level of privileges called <i>admin</i> was introduced. Administrator status was granted to a number of long serving metas by staff. Administrators have the ability to grant editall+ privileges to other editors and to approve new directory-wide policies, authorities that had previously only been available to root (staff) editors.<sup id="_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Directory_Project#_note-10" title="">[11]</a></sup> A full list of senior editors is available to the public. <a href="http://dmoz.org/edoc/editall.html" class="external autonumber" title="http://dmoz.org/edoc/editall.html" rel="nofollow">[8]</a></p> <p>All ODP editors are expected to abide by ODP's Editing Guidelines.<a href="http://dmoz.org/guidelines/" class="external autonumber" title="http://dmoz.org/guidelines/" rel="nofollow">[9]</a> These guidelines describe editing basics: what types of sites may be listed and which may not; how site listings should be titled and described in a loosely consistent manner; conventions for the naming and building of categories; conflict of interest limitations on the editing of sites which the editor may own or otherwise be affiliated with; and a code of conduct within the community. Editors who are found to have violated these guidelines may be contacted by staff or senior editors, have their editing permissions cut back, or lose their editing privileges entirely. ODP Guidelines are periodically revised after discussion in editor forums.</p> <p><a name="Site_submissions" id="Site_submissions"></a></p> <h3><span class="editsection"></span> <span class="mw-headline">Site submissions</span></h3> <p>One of the original motivations for forming Gnuhoo/Newhoo/ODP was the frustration that many people experienced in getting their sites listed on <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yahoo%21_Directory" title="Yahoo! Directory">Yahoo! Directory</a>. However Yahoo! has since implemented a paid service for timely consideration of site submissions. That lead has been followed by many other directories. Some accept no free submission at all. By contrast the ODP has maintained its policy of free site submissions for all types of site — the only one of the major general directories to do so.</p> <p>One result has been a gradual divergence between the ODP and other directories in the balance of content. The pay-for-inclusion model favours those able and willing to pay, so commercial sites tend to predominate in directories using it. (See for example the initial impact on Looksmart. <a href="http://www.searchlounge.org/index.php?p=40" class="external autonumber" title="http://www.searchlounge.org/index.php?p=40" rel="nofollow">[10]</a>) Whereas a directory manned by volunteers will reflect the aims and interests of those volunteers. The ODP lists a high proportion of informational and non-profit sites.</p> <p>Another consequence of the free submission policy is that the ODP has enormous numbers of submissions. The ODP now has approximately two million unreviewed submissions, in large part due to spam and incorrectly submitted sites.<sup class="noprint Template-Fact"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources since February 2007" style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i>citation needed</i>]</span></a></sup> So the average processing time for a site submission has grown longer with each passing year. However the time taken cannot be predicted, since the variation is so great: a submission might be processed within hours or take several years.</p> <p><a name="Controversy_and_criticism" id="Controversy_and_criticism"></a></p> <h2><span class="editsection"></span> <span class="mw-headline">Controversy and criticism</span></h2> <p>There have long been allegations that volunteer ODP editors give favorable treatment to their own websites while concomitantly thwarting the good faith efforts of their competition<a href="http://www.webmasterworld.com/forum17/1704-2-30.htm" class="external autonumber" title="http://www.webmasterworld.com/forum17/1704-2-30.htm" rel="nofollow">[11]</a>. Such allegations are fielded by ODP's staff and meta editors, who have the authority to take disciplinary action against volunteer editors who are suspected of engaging in abusive editing practices. In 2003, ODP introduced a new <i>Public Abuse Report System</i> that allows members of the general public to report and track allegations of abusive editor conduct using an online form.<sup id="_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Directory_Project#_note-11" title="">[12]</a></sup> Other alleged abuses have occurred at the executive level, with company management leveraging the link value from ODP to accelerate new privately funded projects. Although site policies suggest that an individual site is submitted in only one category <a href="http://dmoz.org/add.html" class="external autonumber" title="http://dmoz.org/add.html" rel="nofollow">[12]</a>, Topix.net, a news aggregation site operated by ODP founder Rich Skrenta, has more than 10,000 listings.<a href="http://search.dmoz.org/cgi-bin/search?search=topix" class="external autonumber" title="http://search.dmoz.org/cgi-bin/search?search=topix" rel="nofollow">[13]</a></p> <p>Early in the history of the ODP, its staff gave representatives of selected websites, such as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolling_Stone_magazine" title="Rolling Stone magazine">Rolling Stone magazine</a>, editing access at ODP in order to list many individual pages from those websites. The use of such professional content providers lapsed and the experiment has not been repeated.</p> <p><a name="Ownership_and_management" id="Ownership_and_management"></a></p> <h3><span class="editsection"></span> <span class="mw-headline">Ownership and management</span></h3> <p>Underlying some controversy surrounding ODP is its ownership and management. Many of the original GnuHoo volunteers felt that they had been deceived into joining a commercial enterprise.<sup class="noprint Template-Fact"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources since February 2007" style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i>citation needed</i>]</span></a></sup> Most of that controversy died down when the project was renamed NewHoo. Moreover, when Netscape acquired the project, renamed it ODP, and released ODP's content under an open content license, criticism of the ODP all but disappeared. However, as ODP's content became widely used by most major <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Search_engines" title="Search engines">search engines</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_directory" title="Web directory">web directories</a>, the issue of ODP's ownership and management resurfaced.</p> <p>At ODP's inception, there was little thought given to the idea of how ODP should be managed, and there were no official <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forums" title="Forums">forums</a>, guidelines, or <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FAQ" title="FAQ">FAQs</a>. In essence, ODP began as a free for all. Even after ODP set up its internal editor forums, many editors remained blissfully unaware that these forums existed until they were directed to the forums by one of their fellow editors. Moreover, given that ODP had no official guidelines at first, ODP editors simply hashed out some sort of consensus among themselves and published unofficial FAQs.</p> <p>As time went on, the ODP Editor Forums became the <i>de facto</i> ODP parliament, and when one of ODP's staff members would post an opinion in the forums, it would be considered an official ruling. (In other words, "Staff has spoken.") There was also a short-lived attempt at moderation of the ODP Editor Forums, but it was abandoned as being the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antithesis" title="Antithesis">antithesis</a> of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egalitarian" title="Egalitarian">egalitarian</a> principles on which the ODP community was supposed to be based. Even so, ODP staff began to give trusted senior editors additional editing privileges, including the ability to approve new editor applications, which eventually led to a stratified hierarchy of duties and privileges among ODP editors, with ODP's paid staff having the final say regarding ODP's policies and procedures.</p> <p><a name="Allegations_that_editors_are_removed_for_criticizing_policies" id="Allegations_that_editors_are_removed_for_criticizing_policies"></a></p> <h3><span class="editsection"></span> <span class="mw-headline">Allegations that editors are removed for criticizing policies</span></h3> <p>ODP's paid staff has imposed controversial policies from time to time<sup class="noprint Template-Fact"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources since February 2007" style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i>citation needed</i>]</span></a></sup>, and volunteer editors who dissent in ways staff considers uncivil may find their editing privileges removed.<sup class="noprint Template-Fact"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources since February 2007" style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i>citation needed</i>]</span></a></sup> One alleged example of this was chronicled at the XODP Yahoo! eGroup in May of 2000.<sup id="_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Directory_Project#_note-12" title="">[13]</a></sup> The earliest known exposé was <i>Life After the Open Directory Project</i>, later appearing as a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/June_1" title="June 1">June 1</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2000" title="2000">2000</a>, guest column written for Traffick.com,<sup id="_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Directory_Project#_note-13" title="">[14]</a></sup> by David F. Prenatt, Jr. (former ODP editor "netesq") after losing his ODP editing privileges. Another example was the volunteer editor known by the alias <i>The Cunctator</i>, who was banned from the ODP soon after submitting an article to Slashdot on <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/October_24" title="October 24">October 24</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2000" title="2000">2000</a>, which criticized changes in ODP's <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copyright" title="Copyright">copyright</a> policies.<sup id="_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Directory_Project#_note-14" title="">[15]</a></sup></p> <p>Uninhibited discussion of ODP's purported shortcomings has become more common on mainstream Webmaster discussion forums.<sup class="noprint Template-Fact"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources since February 2007" style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i>citation needed</i>]</span></a></sup></p> <p><a name="Editor_removal_procedures" id="Editor_removal_procedures"></a></p> <h3><span class="editsection"></span> <span class="mw-headline">Editor removal procedures</span></h3> <p>ODP's editor removal procedures are overseen by ODP's staff and meta editors. According to ODP's official editorial guidelines, editors are removed for abusive editing practices or uncivil behaviour. Discussions that may result in disciplinary action against volunteer editors take place in a private forum which can only be accessed by ODP's staff and meta editors, and volunteer editors who are being discussed are not given notice that such proceedings are taking place. Some people find this arrangement distasteful, wanting instead a discussion modeled more like a trial held in the U.S. judicial system.</p> <p>In the article <i>Editor Removal Explained</i>, ODP meta editor Arlarson states that "a great deal of confusion about the removal of editors from ODP results from false or misleading statements by former editors".<sup id="_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Directory_Project#_note-15" title="">[16]</a></sup></p> <p>ODP has a standing policy that prohibits any current ODP editors in a position to know anything from discussing the reasons for specific editor removals. In the past, this has led to claims that many ODP editors are left to wonder why they cannot login at ODP to perform their editing work.<sup class="noprint Template-Fact"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources since March 2007" style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i>citation needed</i>]</span></a></sup></p> <p>However, ODP is now set up in such a way that when someone attempts to login at ODP using a deactivated editor login, a generic web page is displayed that informs a removed editor that a final decision has been made regarding the deactivation of his or her login and providing a list of possible reasons as to why such a decision might have been made.<sup class="noprint Template-Fact"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources since March 2007" style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i>citation needed</i>]</span></a></sup></p> <p><a name="Blacklisting_allegations" id="Blacklisting_allegations"></a></p> <h3><span class="editsection"></span><span class="mw-headline">Blacklisting allegations</span></h3> <p>Senior ODP editors have the ability to attach "warning" or "do not list" notes to individual domains, but no editor has the unilateral ability to block certain sites from being listed. Sites with these notes might still be listed, and at times notes are removed after some discussion.</p> <p><a name="Software" id="Software"></a></p> <h2><span class="editsection"></span> <span class="mw-headline">Software</span></h2> <p>The ODP Editor Forums were originally run on software that was based on the proprietary <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultimate_Bulletin_Board" title="Ultimate Bulletin Board">Ultimate Bulletin Board</a> system. In June 2003, they switched to the open source <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PhpBB" title="PhpBB">phpBB</a> system. As of 2007, these forums are powered by a modified version of phpBB.</p> <p>The ODPSearch software is a derivative version of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isearch" title="Isearch">Isearch</a> and is <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_source" title="Open source">open source</a>, licensed under the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mozilla_Public_License" title="Mozilla Public License">Mozilla Public License</a>.</p> <p>The bug tracking software used by the ODP is <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bugzilla" title="Bugzilla">Bugzilla</a>, and the web server <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apache_HTTP_Server" title="Apache HTTP Server">Apache</a>. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squid_cache" title="Squid cache">Squid</a> web proxy server is also used, all these applications being open source.</p> <p>However, the ODP database/editing software is closed source, although Richard Skrenta of ODP did say in June 1998 that he was considering licensing it under the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_General_Public_License" title="GNU General Public License">GNU General Public License</a>. This has led to criticism from the aforementioned GNU project and other proponents of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_software" title="Free software">free software</a><sup class="noprint Template-Fact"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources since February 2007" style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i>citation needed</i>]</span></a></sup>, many of whom also criticise the ODP content license.<sup id="_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Directory_Project#_note-16" title="">[17]</a></sup></p> <p>As such, there have been some efforts to provide alternatives to ODP (see below). These alternatives would allow communities of like-minded editors to set up and maintain their own open source/open content Web directories. However, no significant open source/open content alternative to ODP has emerged.</p> <p><a name="Hierarchical_structure" id="Hierarchical_structure"></a></p> <h2><span class="editsection"></span><span class="mw-headline">Hierarchical structure</span></h2> <p>There recently is criticism of ODP's <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hierarchical" title="Hierarchical">hierarchical</a> structure. Many believe hierarchical directories are too complicated. As the recent emergence of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_2.0" title="Web 2.0">Web 2.0</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folksonomy" title="Folksonomy">folksonomies</a> began to appear. These people thought folksonomies, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_%28mathematics%29" title="Network (mathematics)">networks</a>, and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Directed_graph" title="Directed graph">directed graph</a> are more "natural" and easier to manage than hierarchies.<sup id="_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Directory_Project#_note-17" title="">[18]</a></sup><sup id="_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Directory_Project#_note-18" title="">[19]</a></sup><sup id="_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Directory_Project#_note-19" title="">[20]</a></sup></p> <p><a name="See_also" id="See_also"></a></p> <h2><span class="editsection"></span> <span class="mw-headline">See also</span></h2> <ul><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_web_directories" title="List of web directories">List of web directories</a></li><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Site" title="Open Site">Open Site</a></li></ul> <p><a name="References" id="References"></a></p> <h2><span class="editsection"></span> <span class="mw-headline">References</span></h2> <div class="references-small" style="-moz-column-count: 2;"> <ol class="references"><li id="_note-0"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Directory_Project#_ref-0" title="">^</a></b> <a href="http://slashdot.org/article.pl?sid=98/06/23/0849239" class="external text" title="http://slashdot.org/article.pl?sid=98/06/23/0849239" rel="nofollow">"The GnuHoo BooBoo"</a>. <i>Slashdot</i>. Retrieved on <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/April_27" title="April 27">April 27</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007" title="2007">2007</a>.</li><li id="_note-1"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Directory_Project#_ref-1" title="">^</a></b> <a href="http://www.dmoz.org/" class="external text" title="http://www.dmoz.org/" rel="nofollow">ODP Front Page</a>, retrieved 15 August 2006</li><li id="_note-2"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Directory_Project#_ref-2" title="">^</a></b> Open Directory Forum - General - Analyzing editor numbers - page 1, 13 August 2006</li><li id="_note-3"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Directory_Project#_ref-3" title="">^</a></b> <a href="http://dmozgrunt.blogspot.com/2006/10/dmozs-catastrophic-serverhardware.html" class="external text" title="http://dmozgrunt.blogspot.com/2006/10/dmozs-catastrophic-serverhardware.html" rel="nofollow">"Dmoz's Catastrophic Server/Hardware Failure"</a> October 27, 2006, retrieved November 15, 2006</li><li id="_note-4"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Directory_Project#_ref-4" title="">^</a></b> <a href="http://www.resource-zone.com/forum/showthread.php?t=45325" class="external text" title="http://www.resource-zone.com/forum/showthread.php?t=45325" rel="nofollow">"dmoz.org technical problems (UPDATED: December 18, 2006)"</a>, Resource-Zone.com Announcement, retrieved December 19, 2006</li><li id="_note-5"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Directory_Project#_ref-5" title="">^</a></b> <a href="http://www.resource-zone.com/forum/showthread.php?t=45325" class="external text" title="http://www.resource-zone.com/forum/showthread.php?t=45325" rel="nofollow">dmoz.org technical problems (UPDATED: January 13, 2007)</a> at resource-zone.com</li><li id="_note-6"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Directory_Project#_ref-6" title="">^</a></b> <a href="http://www.miscellanea.de/newsletter/2006Winter/new_servers.html" class="external text" title="http://www.miscellanea.de/newsletter/2006Winter/new_servers.html" rel="nofollow"><i>The Hamsters' New Home</i></a>, in: Open Directory newsletter issue Winter 2006, retrieved December 26, 2006</li><li id="_note-7"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Directory_Project#_ref-7" title="">^</a></b> <a href="http://dmoz.org/newsletter/2000Nov/press.html" class="external text" title="http://dmoz.org/newsletter/2000Nov/press.html" rel="nofollow">Kids and Teens Launches!</a> Open Directory Project Newsletter, November/December 2000</li><li id="_note-8"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Directory_Project#_ref-8" title="">^</a></b> <a href="http://dmoz.org/guidelines/communication.html#using" class="external text" title="http://dmoz.org/guidelines/communication.html#using" rel="nofollow">Communication and Codes of Conduct: Using the Forums</a>, from the Open Directory Editing Guidelines</li><li id="_note-9"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Directory_Project#_ref-9" title="">^</a></b> <a href="http://dmoz.org/guidelines/communication.html#privacy" class="external text" title="http://dmoz.org/guidelines/communication.html#privacy" rel="nofollow">Communication and Codes of Conduct: Email and Forum Privacy</a>, from the Open Directory Editing Guidelines</li><li id="_note-10"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Directory_Project#_ref-10" title="">^</a></b> <a href="http://dmoz.org/guidelines/admin/" class="external text" title="http://dmoz.org/guidelines/admin/" rel="nofollow">Open Directory Project Administrator Guidelines</a></li><li id="_note-11"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Directory_Project#_ref-11" title="">^</a></b> <a href="http://report-abuse.dmoz.org/" class="external text" title="http://report-abuse.dmoz.org/" rel="nofollow">Open Directory Project: Public Abuse Report System.</a></li><li id="_note-12"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Directory_Project#_ref-12" title="">^</a></b> XODP Yahoo! Group <a href="http://tech.groups.yahoo.com/group/xodp/messages/1" class="external text" title="http://tech.groups.yahoo.com/group/xodp/messages/1" rel="nofollow">Message Archive</a></li><li id="_note-13"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Directory_Project#_ref-13" title="">^</a></b> David F. Prenatt, Jr., <a href="http://www.traffick.com/story/06-2000-xodp.asp" class="external text" title="http://www.traffick.com/story/06-2000-xodp.asp" rel="nofollow">Life After the Open Directory Project</a>, Traffick.com (June 1, 2000).</li><li id="_note-14"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Directory_Project#_ref-14" title="">^</a></b> CmdrTaco, <a href="http://slashdot.org/articles/00/10/24/1252232.shtml" class="external text" title="http://slashdot.org/articles/00/10/24/1252232.shtml" rel="nofollow">Dmoz (aka AOL) Changing Guidelines In Sketchy Way</a>, Slashdot (October 24, 2000).</li><li id="_note-15"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Directory_Project#_ref-15" title="">^</a></b> Arlarson, <a href="http://dmoz.org/newsletter/2000Sep/removal.html" class="external text" title="http://dmoz.org/newsletter/2000Sep/removal.html" rel="nofollow">Editor Removal Explained</a>, Open Directory Project Newsletter (September 2000).</li><li id="_note-16"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Directory_Project#_ref-16" title="">^</a></b> "The primary problems are that your right to redistribute any given version is not permanent and that it requires the user to keep checking back at that site, which is too restrictive of the user's freedom." <a href="http://www.fsf.org/licensing/licenses/index_html#NonFreeDocumentationLicenses" class="external free" title="http://www.fsf.org/licensing/licenses/index_html#NonFreeDocumentationLicenses" rel="nofollow">http://www.fsf.org/licensing/licenses/index_html#NonFreeDocumentationLicenses</a></li><li id="_note-17"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Directory_Project#_ref-17" title="">^</a></b> Hriţcu, C., <a href="http://hritcu.wordpress.com/2005/04/08/folksonomies-vs-ontologies/" class="external text" title="http://hritcu.wordpress.com/2005/04/08/folksonomies-vs-ontologies/" rel="nofollow">Folksonomies vs. Ontologies</a>, 8th April 2005.</li><li id="_note-18"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Directory_Project#_ref-18" title="">^</a></b> Shirky, C., <a href="http://www.itconversations.com/shows/detail470.html" class="external text" title="http://www.itconversations.com/shows/detail470.html" rel="nofollow">Ontology is Overrated: Links, Tags, and Post-hoc Metadata</a>, <i>ITConversations</i>, 15th March 2005.</li><li id="_note-19"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Directory_Project#_ref-19" title="">^</a></b> Hammond, T., Hannay, T., Lund, B. & Scott, J., <a href="http://www.dlib.org/dlib/april05/hammond/04hammond.html" class="external text" title="http://www.dlib.org/dlib/april05/hammond/04hammond.html" rel="nofollow">Social Bookmarking Tools (I)</a> <i>D-Lib Magazine</i>, April 2005.</li></ol> </div> <p><a name="External_links" id="External_links"></a></p> <h2><span class="editsection"></span> <span class="mw-headline">External links</span></h2> <ul><li><a href="http://dmoz.org/" class="external text" title="http://dmoz.org/" rel="nofollow">The Open Directory Project</a></li><li><a href="http://www.resource-zone.com/" class="external text" title="http://www.resource-zone.com/" rel="nofollow">The Resource Zone - Open Directory Project Public Forum</a></li><li><a href="http://www.dmoz-resources.com/" class="external text" title="http://www.dmoz-resources.com/" rel="nofollow">Dmoz Resources Webmasters Zone</a></li><li><a href="http://dmoz.org/erz/glossary.html" class="external text" title="http://dmoz.org/erz/glossary.html" rel="nofollow">ODP Glossary</a></li><li><a href="http://www.laisha.com/zine/odphistory.html" class="external text" title="http://www.laisha.com/zine/odphistory.html" rel="nofollow">The History of the Open Directory Project</a> (article from 1999)</li><li><a href="http://www.dummies-guide-to-dmoz.org/" class="external text" title="http://www.dummies-guide-to-dmoz.org/" rel="nofollow">Dummies Guide to dmoz.org (and forum)</a></li><li><a href="http://dmoz.org/Computers/Internet/Searching/Directories/Open_Directory_Project/" class="external text" title="http://dmoz.org/Computers/Internet/Searching/Directories/Open_Directory_Project/" rel="nofollow">Open Directory Project</a> at the <strong class="selflink">Open Directory Project</strong></li></ul> <div id="NavFrame1" class="NavFrame" style="clear: both;"> <div class="NavHead" style=""> <div class="noprint plainlinksneverexpand" style="padding: 0pt; 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Please use the preview button before saving.">e</span></a></div> <b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netscape" title="Netscape">Netscape</a></b><a href="javascript:toggleNavigationBar(1);" id="NavToggle1" class="NavToggle">[hide]</a></div> <div class="NavContent" style="margin: 0.5em; font-size: 0.9em;"> <p><b>Browsing software</b>: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netscape_Navigator" title="Netscape Navigator">Netscape Navigator (versions 1.0-4.08)</a> · <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netscape_Communicator" title="Netscape Communicator">Netscape Communicator (versions 4.0-4.8)</a><br /><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netscape_6" title="Netscape 6">Netscape 6 (versions 6.0-6.2.3)</a> · <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netscape_%28version_7%29" title="Netscape (version 7)">Netscape 7 (versions 7.0-7.2)</a> · <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netscape_Browser" title="Netscape Browser">Netscape Browser (versions 8.0-8.1.3)</a> · <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netscape_Navigator_9" title="Netscape Navigator 9">Netscape Navigator (version 9.0)</a></p> <p><b>E-mail clients</b>: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netscape_Mercury" title="Netscape Mercury">Netscape Mercury</a> · <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netscape_Mail_%26_Newsgroups" title="Netscape Mail & Newsgroups">Netscape Mail & Newsgroups</a></p> <p><b>Other components</b>: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netscape_Composer" title="Netscape Composer">Netscape Composer</a></p> <p><b>See also:</b> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gecko_%28layout_engine%29" title="Gecko (layout engine)">Gecko</a> · <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariner_%28layout_engine%29" title="Mariner (layout engine)">Mariner</a> · <strong class="selflink">Open Directory Project</strong> · <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netscape_5" title="Netscape 5">Netscape 5</a> · <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netscape_Public_License" title="Netscape Public License">Netscape Public License</a> · <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mozilla" title="Mozilla">Mozilla</a> · <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AOL" title="AOL">AOL</a></p> </div> </div> <span style="float: right; font-weight: normal; text-align: right; width: 6em;">[<a href="javascript:collapseTable(0);" id="collapseButton0">show</a>]</span> <div style="float: left; width: 6em; text-align: left;"> <div class="noprint plainlinksneverexpand" style="padding: 0pt; background-color: transparent; font-weight: normal; font-size: xx-small; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Time_Warner" title="Template:Time Warner"><span title="View this template">v</span></a> <span style="font-size: 80%;">•</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Time_Warner" title="Template talk:Time Warner"><span title="Discussion about this template">d</span></a> <span style="font-size: 80%;">•</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Time_Warner&action=edit" class="external text" title="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Time_Warner&action=edit" rel="nofollow"><span style="color: rgb(0, 43, 184);" title="You can edit this template. Please use the preview button before saving.">e</span></a></div> </div> <span style="font-size: 110%;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_Warner_Inc." title="Time Warner Inc.">Time Warner Inc.</a></span><div class="blogger-post-footer"><script type="text/javascript"><!--
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The results normally include a list of web pages with titles, a link to the page, and a short description showing where the keywords have matched content within the page. A SERP may refer to a single page of links returned, or to the set of all links returned for a search query.</p> <table id="toc" class="toc" summary="Contents"> <tbody><tr> <td> <div id="toctitle"> <h2>Contents</h2> <span class="toctoggle"><br /></span></div> <ul><li class="toclevel-1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SERP#Query_caching"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Query caching</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SERP#Different_types_of_results"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Different types of results</span></a> <ul><li class="toclevel-2"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SERP#Advertising_.28Sponsored_Listings.29"><span class="tocnumber">2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Advertising (Sponsored Listings)</span></a></li></ul> </li><li class="toclevel-1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SERP#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li></ul> </td> </tr> </tbody></table> <script type="text/javascript"> //<![CDATA[ if (window.showTocToggle) { var tocShowText = "show"; var tocHideText = "hide"; showTocToggle(); } //]]> </script> <p><a name="Query_caching" id="Query_caching"></a></p> <h2><span class="editsection"></span><span class="mw-headline">Query caching</span></h2> <p>Some search engines cache SERPs for frequent searches and display the cached SERP instead of a live SERP to increase the performance of the search engine<sup class="noprint Template-Fact"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources since February 2007" style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i>citation needed</i>]</span></a></sup>. The search engine updates the SERPs periodically to account for new pages, and possibly to modify the rankings of pages in the SERP.</p> <p>SERP refreshing can take several days or weeks<sup class="noprint Template-Fact"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources since February 2007" style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i>citation needed</i>]</span></a></sup> which can occasionally cause results to be inaccurate or out of date, and new sites and pages to be completely absent.</p> <p><a name="Different_types_of_results" id="Different_types_of_results"></a></p> <h2><span class="editsection"></span><span class="mw-headline">Different types of results</span></h2> <p>SERPS of major search engines like <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google" title="Google">Google</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yahoo%21" title="Yahoo!">Yahoo!</a> may include different types of listings: contextual, algorithmic or organic search listings, as well as sponsored listings, images, maps, definitions, or suggested search refinements. The major search engines also offer different types of search, such as image search, news search, and blog search. The SERPS for these specialized searches offer specific types of results.</p> <p><a name="Advertising_.28Sponsored_Listings.29" id="Advertising_.28Sponsored_Listings.29"></a></p> <h3><span class="editsection"></span><span class="mw-headline">Advertising (Sponsored Listings)</span></h3> <p>SERPs usually contain advertisements. This is how commercial search engines fund their operations. Common examples of these advertisements are displayed on the right hand side of the page (e.g. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Adwords" title="Google Adwords">Google Adwords</a>) as small classified style ads or directly above the main <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organic_search" title="Organic search">organic search</a> results on the left (e.g. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yahoo%21_Search_Marketing" title="Yahoo! Search Marketing">Yahoo! Sponsored Search</a>).</p> <p><a name="See_also" id="See_also"></a></p> <h2><span class="editsection"></span><span class="mw-headline">See also</span></h2> <ul><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Search_engine_marketing" title="Search engine marketing">Search engine marketing</a></li><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Search_engine_optimization" title="Search engine optimization">Search engine optimization</a></li><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pay_per_click" title="Pay per click">Pay per click</a></li></ul><div class="blogger-post-footer"><script type="text/javascript"><!--
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